*Article* **Nonseasonal Variations in Near-Inertial Kinetic Energy Observed Far below the Surface Mixed Layer in the Southwestern East Sea (Japan Sea)**

**Suyun Noh 1,2 and SungHyun Nam 1,3,\***


**Abstract:** Near-inertial internal waves (NIWs) generated by surface wind forcing are intermittently enhanced below and within the surface mixed layer. The NIW kinetic energy below the surface mixed layer varies over intraseasonal, interannual, and decadal timescales; however, these variations remain unexplored, due to a lack of long-term, in situ observations. We present statistical results on the nonseasonal variability of the NIW kinetic energy 400 m below the surface mixed layer in the southwestern East Sea, using moored current measurements from 21 years. We used long time series of the near-inertial band (0.85–1.15 *f*) kinetic energy to define nine periods of relatively high (period high) and seven periods of relatively low (period low) NIW kinetic energy. The NIW kinetic energy average at period high was about 24 times higher than that at period low and those in specific years (2003, 2012–2013, 2016, and 2020) and decade (2010s) were significantly higher than those in other years and decade (2000s). Composite analysis revealed that negative relative vorticity and strong total strain significantly enhance NIW kinetic energy at 400 m. The relative vorticity was negative (total strain was positively enhanced) during seven (six) out of nine events of period high. NIW trapping in a region of negative relative vorticity and the wave capture process induce nonseasonal variations in NIW kinetic energy below the surface mixed layer. Our study reveals that, over intraseasonal, interannual, and decadal timescales, mesoscale flow fields significantly influence NIWs.

**Keywords:** near-inertial internal waves; nonseasonal variability; mesoscale flow field; relative vorticity; Okubo-Weiss parameter; subsurface mooring; southwestern East Sea; Japan Sea
