**5. Treatment of Animal Debris Waste and Wastewater in Microbial Fuel Cells**

*5.1. Slaughterhouse and Animal Debris Containing Waste*

Generally, slaughterhouses and animal manure are usually derived from the livestock industry, which generates a large amount of wastewater containing suspended solids and high organic matter content. The release of such wastewater into municipal wastewater treatment works can cause major environmental odor problems if released untreated. The wastewater produced from slaughterhouses consists of different substances that the action of microorganisms can break down. The wastewater also has many suspended nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and fat, all of which are also present in animal blood [102]. Wastewaters derived from abattoirs are usually discharged in several different channels due to a lack of monitoring for such discharges.

Previously for bioelectricity generation, both the slaughterhouse and animal carcass cleaning wastewater were employed in MFC technology, with a generated power of 578 mW/m<sup>2</sup> being recorded [103]. Similarly, the generation of bioelectricity using animal debris containing wastewater as a substrate achieved a maximum power density of 2.19 W/m<sup>3</sup> in an up-flow tubular MFC made up of an air-cathode, recording a COD removal of 50.66%. In contrast, a low CE (0.25%) was recorded elsewhere [104].
