**8. Strategy to Enhance the Efficiency of MFC Performance**

The recent studies conducted by Nadafpour have revealed that to upsurge the current in MFCs that have unique characteristics, including strong electric conductivity stability in microbial cultures. In addition, vast surface area and oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate have a great ability along with anode that is made up of carbon-containing material such as graphite rod carbon paper carbon cloth; graphite fiber brush carbon cloth reticulated vitreous carbon, and carbon flesh [155]. Along with increasing surface area, Nanoengineering material is being used as anode material instead of conventional material, improving the electronic transfer mechanism [44,45]. As well to improve the output electrical power conductive polymer along with modified carbon and metal-based anode are being used in other suitable matter where during operation of MFC system charged balanced must be maintained for unhindered migration of H, OH ions and attention must be paid to electrode stability [156] and at the same time between electrode compartment any kind of diffusion should be avoided, but significant losses in the performance of the bioelectrical microbial system as always happening due to the crossover process. A study conducted by Miyake et al. (2003) has shown that by using functionalized hydrocarbon polymer in polymer electrolyte fuel cell as proton conductive material an increase in conductivity of fuel cell under the humid and heated condition it is seen that long term stability and higher conductivity then 0.01 cm has been provided by the MFC system along with impermeably to hydrogen methanol and oxygen [157]

In a study conducted by Li et al. (2016) has shown that the characteristic of the substrate in food waste after MFC treatment to perceive information about how the organic material was biodegraded and transform during MFC treatment and the aromatic compound in the hydrophilic fraction in comparison to non-aromatic compound such as aliphatic compound tryptophan were far preferably removed along with average output voltage of 0.51 V and maximum power density of 5.6 W per meter cube was achieved [158]. For the power generation and routine electrical purposes, MFC is not the economical

method; it is incapable of producing as much electricity as is required, nothing less electric current merely [159] and the very first fuel cell ad produces 1/40 mW/m<sup>2</sup> energy, in addition, a mixed bacterial culture having carbon sources as glucose has been reported to produce power up to 3.6 W/m<sup>2</sup> microbial fuel cell, which is the higher power output of about 5 fold then the very first fuel cell.

For practical application, it's crucial to use cost-effective material for building the system. There has been ample focus to make high surface and low-cost electrode materials for high-performing systems. The surface area of an anode directly impacts power generation. Higher the surface area of anode could lead large accessible surface area for biofilms results in higher charge generation in the system.
