*3.4. Validation*

A different small-scale high formwork model was installed with different values of distance between the poles and tubes and simulated defects in different area, as shown in Table 6. The different value set in the installation was to verify that the model can detect differences to improve the robustness of the training model.

**Table 6.** The detail of the second high formwork model set.


The proposed GA-ANN model was used for predicting the simulated defects and the coordinates of the key points. The convergence process of the proposed GA-ANN model is displayed in Figure 19. The optimal result of the proposed GA-ANN model was obtained after the 100th iteration. In this study, the model was able to detect all the simulated defects and generate accurate coordinates of the key points.

**Figure 19.** The converge process of the proposed GA-ANN model.
