*2.2. Catalyst Characterization*

Physical and chemical methods are used to determine the characteristic properties of MOFs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was employed on a Bruker AXS D8 Advantage (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) operating with a Cu Kα source to determine the material structure. The specific surface area and pore distribution of the obatined catalysts were determined using a Nova Quantachrome 2200e (Quantachrome Instruments, Kingsville, TX, USA). Samples were activated in a vacuum at 150 ◦C for 6 h, followed by nitrogen adsorption at 77 ◦C and low pressure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted on a Netzsch Thermoanalyzer STA 409 (Netzsch, Selb, Germany) with a heating rate of 10 ◦C/min from room temperature to 800 ◦C under inert gas conditions. The infrared spectrum (FT-IR) was attained using a Bruker TENSOR37 (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA), and a KBr compressed sample was used to determine functional groups in the material. SEM images of the catalyst were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) on a JSM 7401F device (Jeol, Peabody, MA, USA).
