*2.3. Clinical Examination*

A standardized assessment of sensory function, coordination, muscle strength, and cranial nerve function was performed as part of the initial clinical examination. In particular, the language status was evaluated by a neuropsychologist using the Aachen Aphasia Test and by categorizing language deficits on a four-point scale [14,35–37]. In detail, four grades were established, which were no deficit (grade 0), mild deficit (grade 1: normal language comprehension and/or conversational language with slight amnesic aphasia, adequate communication ability), medium deficit (grade 2: minor disruption of language comprehension and/or conversational language, adequate communication ability), and severe deficit (grade 3: major disruption of language comprehension and/or conversational language, clear impairment of communication ability) [14,35–37]. Furthermore, handedness was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) [38]. The clinical examinations including detailed assessments of language function were repeated postoperatively and during the routine follow-up examinations.
