*4.8. Biomes*

One of the most obvious results of our paper is the small number of articles in the biomes different from the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest. We do not underestimate the merits of the research in these biomes; it is necessary and useful. There is still much room for further research questions and tackling contemporary problems. However, given Brazil's biomes' biocultural diversity and ecological importance, it is essential to indicate the spatial gaps to encourage more research in the Pantanal, Pampa, Caatinga, and Cerrado. Interestingly, Sandro Dutra points out that the definition of biomes in Brazil historically favored the protection of the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest, leaving other regions out of the spotlight and deemed less important [184]. This observation coincides with our results showing the prominent attention on these two biomes.

### *4.9. Spatial Scales*

It is interesting and enriching to have works at local, regional, biome, national, and international scales. They all have advantages and disadvantages in terms of focus, degree of detail, and availability of information. At a local level, the concrete, the sensitive, and the individual behavior become more critical, whereas, at a regional level, the landscape becomes an intellectual construction where details are often blurred [185]. All scales are necessary as each of them addresses different problems and perspectives.

### *4.10. Ethnic Diversity*

One remarkable point is the diversity of ethnic groups revealed through the compilation of keywords in the works surveyed. Even though the groups' names did not appear in the word cloud (Figure 4) because they had few mentions, we highlighted them in the description of the results. These ethnic groups are both from traditional communities (e.g., *quilombolas* and *caiçaras*) that have their origins linked to the colonization process, and the indigenous people (e.g., Ka'apor, Nadahup-Arawak-Tukano) that resisted—and still resist—for more than 500 years. This demonstrates part of the Brazilian ethnic diversity and the relationship between this diversity and ecological diversity, a central theme in Historical Ecology.

### *4.11. Study of Species*

There is a vast opportunity to research different species in Historical Ecology. We can think about the footprints in the landscape derived from the relationship between the history of Brazil and the brazilwood tree (*Paubrasilia echinata* (Lam.) Gagnon & H.C.Lima & G.P.Lewis). There is much to do considering animals, plants, and organisms from other kingdoms like fungi, algae, bacteria, or even viruses. Ironically, we are confined in our houses while writing this paper due to the global expansion of a zoonotic virus that is forcing humanity to change our ways of working, organizing, and relating to each other. The socio-environmental effects of Covid-19 constitute an interesting raw material for Historical Ecology.
