*5.1. Achievements*

Some of the achievements in the field of Historical Ecology in Brazil are:


### *5.2. Research Gaps and Opportunities*

Some of the research gaps and areas of opportunity are:


• The overview presented by whom, when, where, what, and how research has been conducted in Historical Ecology in Brazil. It showed a grea<sup>t</sup> diversity of authors, institutions, journals, study sites, periods of study, research topics, and methodologies. The further development of Historical Ecology research in Brazil, valorizing the achievements and considering the research gaps and opportunities, can provide solid scientific evidence to support informed actions towards the urgen<sup>t</sup> need for better conservation and managemen<sup>t</sup> of the biocultural patrimony in all biomes.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.E.L.-R., A.F.R., G.P.d.S.S., L.S.C.d.A.B., J.S.F., M.D.; methodology, A.E.L.-R., A.F.R., G.P.d.S.S., L.S.C.d.A.B., J.S.F., M.D.; software, J.S.F.; formal analysis, A.E.L.-R., A.F.R., G.P.d.S.S.; investigation, A.E.L.-R., A.F.R., G.P.d.S.S., L.S.C.d.A.B., M.D., A.S., R.R.d.O.; writing—original draft preparation, A.E.L.-R., A.F.R., G.P.d.S.S. writing—review and editing, A.E.L.-R., A.F.R., G.P.d.S.S., L.S.C.d.A.B., M.D., J.S.F., A.S., R.R.d.O.; supervision A.S., R.R.d.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This study was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal–Brasil (CAPES) Finance Code 001 that supported PhD (G.P.S.S., A.F.R., L.S.C.A.B., J.S.F.) and postdoctoral stipends (A.E.L.R.). R.R.O. thanks the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil (CNPq) for a research grant. A.E.L.R. thanks the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) for the postdoctoral support for the main part of this research and the National Council for Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT) (226832) for the postdoctoral stipend while writing the manuscript.

**Data Availability Statement:** The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank the valuable comments from the anonymous reviewers that enriched and helped to improve this manuscript substantially. We are deeply grateful for the kind help from the Sustainability Editorial Office.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
