**Abbreviations**

25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; AFF = atypical femoral fracture; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; B-ALP = bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; BMD = bone mineral density; BMU = bone multicellular unit; BTMs = bone turnover markers; CBC = complete blood count; CTX = C-terminal telopeptide; CTX-1 = carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen; DPD = deoxypyridinoline; DXA = dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; FRAX® = fracture risk assessment tool; HYP = hydroxyproline; IL-1 = Interleukin-1; IL-6 = Interleukin-6; NTX-1 = amino-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen; O = osteocalcin; ONJ = osteonecrosis of jaw; OPG = osteoprotegerin; P1CP = procollagen type 1 C-terminal propeptide; P1NP = procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide; PGE2 = prostaglandin E2; PTH = parathyroid hormone; RANK = the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; ROS = reactive oxygen species; T3 = tocotrienol; TF = tocopherol; TNF-α = tumor necrotic factor α; TRAP 5b = tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone.
