*3.2. Data Sources*

The data required for land use conflict evaluation include a digital elevation model (DEM), geological hazard susceptibility rate, land use status map, grade of cultivated land use, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and total population and gross domestic product (GDP) at county level. DEM (30 m spatial resolution) and NDVI (1 km spatial resolution) data were obtained from the Data Center of Resources and Environmental Science, Institute of Geographic Resources and Resources (https://www.resdc.cn, accessed on 22 August 2021). The geological hazard distribution map in JPG format was collected by our research group from geological disaster department of Shandong Province in the process of project research and was registered and vectorized. The 2018 land use status map was provided by Shandong Land Survey and Planning Institute, and the cultivated land use grade data were extracted from the agricultural land grading database. The total population and GDP data at county level were from Jinan Statistical Yearbook in 2019.

#### *3.3. Construction of Land Use Conflict Evaluation Index System*

3.3.1. Construction of Land Use Multi-Suitability Evaluation Index System

Land use multi-suitability refers to the suitability of using land resources for different functions; for example, fertile and flat land can be used as agricultural, construction or ecological land. However, different uses require different conditions [27]. Therefore, a land suitability evaluation index system should be constructed depending on the use. Based on relevant studies [16,17,23,27], according to the principles of (1) reflecting the connotation of suitability, (2) high frequency of use and (3) strong representativeness and combined with the accessibility of data [28], evaluation indexes were selected to construct the evaluation index system of construction land, cultivated land and ecological land suitability.

(1) Evaluation index system for suitability of construction land.

The suitability of construction land is mainly affected by the natural and location conditions (Table 1). The natural conditions include elevation, slope and geological hazard susceptibility. The higher the elevation and the steeper the slope, the more difficult the construction, the higher the cost and the lower the suitability of the land for construction. Geological disasters can damage buildings and even endanger residents' lives and property. The higher the rate of occurrence of geological disasters, the lower the suitability of the land for construction. The location condition is characterized by the distance from the city and the distance from the road. The city is the center of social and economic activities, and the road is the reflection of the degree of transportation convenience. The closer the distance to the city and the road, the higher the suitability of the land for construction.


**Table 1.** Evaluation index system for construction land suitability.

(2) Evaluation index system for cultivated land suitability.

Cultivated land suitability was evaluated using two variables: natural endowment and farming convenience (Table 2). Low elevation, flat terrain and fertile soil are ideal for arable land, where soil organic matter content, available soil thickness, soil texture, soil pH, irrigation conditions and other factors can affect soil fertility. Based on the above indicators, China's agricultural authorities have implemented a classification and grading system for agricultural land; therefore, the grade was selected to represent the fertility of cultivated land. Farming convenience is also an important aspect of the suitability of cultivated land. Remote and inconveniently located land often has poor natural endowment and is more likely to be abandoned; thus, its cultivated land suitability is low.

**Table 2.** Evaluation index system for cultivated land suitability.


(3) Evaluation index system for ecological land suitability.

There are relatively few limiting factors for ecological land suitability. The suitability of ecological land was evaluated using two variables: natural endowment and human disturbance (Table 3). The better the natural endowment, the less human disturbance and the more suitable the land is for ecological activity. NDVI and land use type are used to represent natural endowment and human disturbance, respectively. The higher the vegetation index, the better the natural endowment and the higher the ecological suitability grade. According to the intensity of human activities on different land use types, land use types are graded and assigned. The higher the intensity of human activities, the lower the ecological suitability. For example, the construction land has the highest intensity of human activities and lowest ecological suitability, and the value is 20. The intensity of human activities in forestland is weak and the ecological suitability is high, and the value is 100.


**Table 3.** Evaluation index system for ecological land suitability.

3.3.2. Construction of Land Resource Scarcity Evaluation Index System

The per capita construction land area, per capita cultivated land area and per capita ecological land area were selected to represent the scarcity of construction land, cultivated land and ecological land (Table 4). The larger the per capita land area, the lower the scarcity.



3.3.3. Constructing of Human Needs Diversity Evaluation Index System

Population size and the level of economic development are two key factors that affect the diversity of human needs (Table 5). The larger the population and the higher the level of economic development, the richer the diversity of human needs; therefore, total population and GDP were selected to represent the population and the economic development level, respectively, to evaluate the diversity of human needs.


