*3.4. PLES Conflict Identification in Ningbo*

Figure 5 shows the multiscale conflict detection results of PLES in Ningbo. In 2010 and 2018, PLES in Ningbo was in a state of coupling coordination. However, with economic development, the coupling coordination degree of PLES in Ningbo was also damaged and developing toward incoordination. The violent conflict area of PLES in Ningbo in 2010 was about 2.42%, mainly concentrated in the district of Zhenhai. In 2018, it increased to 4.01% and shifted to the western part of Ningbo and the southern part of Yuyao. Result analysis of suitability and sustainable development evaluation showed that the main reason for conflicts in Zhenhai and other areas in 2010 was the limited development of living space. The rapid urbanization of Ningbo promoted the development of living space in Zhenhai and other areas, and the increase in space utilization promoted coordinated and balanced PLES development. In the western part of Ningbo and the southern part of Yuyao, due to the effect of terrain conditions, land development was difficult, and the development of production and living space was seriously hindered. The ecological function of land remained unchanged, which led to increasing conflict in the development of PS, LS, and ES. Conflicts in Ninghai, a county in the south of the city, have been continuously increasing. Due to the large scale of ecological land, the relatively small scale of living space, low population density, and poor infrastructure conditions in Ninghai, economic development was limited, resulting in the coordinated development of PS, LS, and ES gradually decreasing, and the level of conflict gradually increasing. By contrast, Jiangbei is located in the center of Ningbo, an excellent geographical location promoting the development of the city. Driven by the great foundation of urban development, and the development opportunity of industrialization and urbanization, the economy, population scale, and environmental quality constantly improved, and the development of the three types of space gradually tended to be coordinated. Moreover, the level of conflict became increasingly lower.

**Figure 5.** Multiscale PLES conflict identification in Ningbo for (**a**) 2010 and (**b**) 2018.
