*5.1. Characteristics of Land-Use Conflict*

It is important to carry out land-use conflict research to realize the coordinated development of regional agricultural space and ecological space, ease the pressure on land resources and human–land conflicts, establish a harmonious human–land relationship between production and ecology, and give full play to regional resource advantages for scientific development.

In this paper, a land-use conflict measurement model [35] was constructed to identify the land use conflict between agricultural space and ecological space taking Lin'an District in Hangzhou City, a hilly area in northern Zhejiang Province, as an example. The study found that although the conflict between agricultural space and ecological space in Lin'an District was generally controlled, there were also areas in which the conflict was uncontrolled due to the complex shape and high fragmentation of the patches [49]. The rapid development of the economy has resulted in the continuous expansion of agricultural land such as cultivated land and the occupation of ecological land such as forestland and grassland [50]. On the one hand, the increase in the output of agricultural production has led to the continuous expansion of agricultural land such as arable land and garden land, while large areas of ecological land such as water surface, woodland and pasture were occupied. On the other hand, as arable land with high slopes is not suitable for agricultural production, the arable land was abandoned and evolved into ecological land naturally, resulting in the phenomenon of the compound use of agricultural space and ecological space is more common in Lin'an. These changes have led to increasing degrees of conflict, the gradual expansion of uncontrolled areas, and the massive extrusion of controlled areas. Therefore, management measures should be implemented in time to prevent further deterioration and to ensure the overall balance and sustainable development of agriculture and ecology in Lin'an District.The main land types of agricultural space include arable land, garden land and other agricultural land, which are closely related to human activities and are, therefore, subject to more human activities, with increasing landscape fragmentation and consequent declines in land stability; therefore, their land-use conflicts are also higher [51]. Lin'an District has adopted strict ecological protection policies, delineating ecological red lines and focusing on protecting land with high ecological benefits such as water areas, and these protection policies have played an important role in promoting regional development. These conservation policies have played an important role in promoting the sustainable and healthy development of the region and alleviating the regional land-use conflicts.

The degree of land-use conflict (Figure 7) in Lin'an District is closely related to economic development, land use and other related factors [52]. As the process of urban–rural integration progressed, adjacent town streets showed high similarity in these aspects, and these similarities resulted in spatial autocorrelation in land-use conflict. The spatial

aggregation effect of land use conflict in Lin'an District in 2013 was the most obvious. The overall spatial pattern was relatively stable over the 10 years, with no major changes. The spatial autocorrelation in the eastern region and in towns such as Qianchuan town and Heqiao town was significant due to the complexity of the land-use types.
