*5.3. Trade-off Mechanisms in Land-Use Conflict*

Under the current territorial spatial planning system in China, the Lin'an District Government manages the territorial space mainly by preparing territorial spatial planning and delineating "three zones and three lines". The "three zones" refer to ecological, agricultural and urban function spaces, and the "three lines" refer to the "three control lines" of ecological protection red line, permanent basic agricultural land and urban development boundary. It provides for special protection of arable land and strict control of conversion of arable land to other agricultural land such as forest, grassland and garden land. Land with important ecological functions or ecologically sensitive land should be designated ecological protection red line in accordance with the law and implement strict protection. Under the planning constraints, spatial conflicts between ecology and agriculture often do not occur in strictly controlled areas, but in the transition zone between ecology and agriculture or in the multi-appropriate areas for ecological and agricultural use. Based on the identification and analysis of land-use conflicts between agricultural space and ecological space in Lin'an District, the trade-off mechanisms for land-use conflict were identified as follows:

**Figure 7.** Spatial distribution of potential land-use conflict between agricultural and ecological spaces in low-, medium- and high-slope areas. (**a**) 2008 low-slope areas. (**b**) 2013 low-slope areas. (**c**) 2018 low-slope areas. (**d**) 2008 medium-slope areas. (**e**) 2013 medium-slope areas. (**f**) 2018 medium-slope areas. (**g**) 2008 high-slope areas. (**h**) 2013 high-slope areas. (**i**) 2018 high-slope areas.

(1) Optimizing land-use structure and improving land-use efficiency

To realize the sustainable development of its society, Lin'an District should strengthen environmental protections on the basis of ensuring the supply of production land. In addition, the district should continuously improve the efficiency of land resource utilization by adjusting the land resource utilization structure and implementing land recycling to realize a 'win-win' situation for production development and ecological protection.

Lin'an District should actively optimize its ecological structure on the basis of ensuring food security; return cultivated land with low production efficiency to forestland, grasslands and lakes; carry out afforestation and greening; increase landscape connectivity; reduce patch fragmentation; improve land stability; and enhance the quality of the natural environment and the suitability of the regional landscape ecology [56]. In areas with advantageous production conditions, Lin'an District should make effective use of the surrounding production resources. The government should actively promote regional agricultural restructuring and the reasonable cultivation of woodlands, grasslands and other ecological areas to ensure ecological security; cultivate agricultural lands appropriately for the actual local situation; build economic garden belts such as vegetable and fruit gardens; improve connectivity with existing agricultural lands; increase land-use efficiency; and slow the increase in land-use conflicts.

(2) Coordinating land resource allocation and promoting coordinated regional development

Lin'an District should coordinate its resource elements, rationally allocate its land resources, optimize the structural proportion and spatial layout of the land, construct a balanced and unified spatial planning system, persist in 'drawing a blueprint to the end', continuously promote the integration of land resources, strengthen the optimal allocation of land resources, and achieve an efficient supply of land resources [57]. The terrain in Lin'an District is mainly hilly, and land-use conflict varied obviously with the difference of topography and geomorphology. According to the different characteristics of land-use conflicts, allocating land resources according to local conditions is of great significance to rational land development and utilization and can have substantive effects on promoting coordinated development in the region.

(3) Clearing classification protection and implementing differential use control

Lin'an District should further refine and classify agricultural and ecological spaces based on the importance of their land functions and the policy protection level. This further classification could form a classification control system to determine the 'red line' for permanent basic farmland protection and the 'bottom line' for ecological protection, establish a classification-based spatial protection system, and improve the quality and stability of natural and agricultural ecosystems [58]. At the same time, strengthening the top-level design of controls on national territory use, refining the rules for the control of the differential uses of agricultural space and ecological space, and planning for and taking into account the functional attributes of different land resources as a whole are conducive to adapting to the existing management system and its daily regulatory needs as well as to promoting regional economic development.

(4) Realizing multiple land values and improving the structural layout of industry

Land has multiple functional values, such as agricultural production and ecological services [59]. In the process of land development and utilization, the one-sided value of a certain function of land should not be evaluated alone; rather, multiple values of land should be considered together to maximize the benefit of land resources. Lin'an District has abundant resources, such as natural ecosystems and technological industries. It should make rational use of its resource advantages and follow the patterns of social development to perfect the land structure layout of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. The district should also actively carry out scientific and technological innovations, reduce industry dependence on land, improve land-use efficiency, and increase the land output rate and income of enterprises. Continuing to promote scientific and technological innovation, strengthening the development of industrial science and technology as well as the environment, and increasing the yield per mu through the cultivation of new scientific and technological industries will reduce land-use conflicts.

(5) Adhering to people-oriented concepts and strengthening public messaging and guidance

The process of land resource allocation in Lin'an District should adhere to peopleoriented concepts and comprehensively consider the production, ecological and other functions of land resources [60]. Through this process, the total interests of all land-use stakeholders can be maximized and the global optimum can be achieved. At the same time, policy makers should establish a benign interaction mechanism, strengthen information transmission and guidance, and strive to coordinate the interests of all parties. By allowing full participation of the majority of stakeholders and incorporating public feedback into the revision and improvement of the policy system in a timely manner, land-use conflicts can be effectively mitigated.

For its theoretical framework, this research applied the theory of conflict identification and evaluation to the process of land use management and constructed a theoretical framework for research on conflicts between agricultural space and ecological space. In practical applications, hilly areas are usually selected as research areas at the county scale. However, the identification of land-use conflict in agricultural space and ecological space involves many aspects of production and ecology, and there are some limitations to constructing conflict identification models by using the landscape ecological risk assessment method alone.

However, this paper does not take into account the theory of ecology-productioneconomy compound zones. This theory classifies human activities and land-use types by defining the types and restrictions of human activities and then defines two types of regional zones: urban tourism economic zones and urban production economic zones. Urban tourism economic zones are distributed in areas with convenient transportation and lifestyle amenities, and the tourist landscape is mainly a human-based landscape. Urban production economic zones are mainly paddy fields, which provide ecological value for cities and towns to some extent. The theory of ecology-production complex areas may provide a new interpretation of the current conflicts in the urban ecological agricultural environment. In the future, we should broaden the methods used in this study, further verify and refine the model, and generate results that are more scientific.
