*3.1. Land-Use Conflict Measurement Methods*

The spatial conflict caused by human activities is in essence a game of spatial resource occupation by various land users. Spatial conflict is accompanied by the utilization of land resources, resulting in the change of regional spatial pattern and function, which further affects the original physical, chemical and ecological processes and affects the nature conditions [33,34].

Referring to previous studies [35,36], we established a measurement model for landuse conflict based on the conceptual model of ecological risk assessment [33,34,37]. In terms of describing the pressure from human disturbance and deterioration of natural conditions, the ability of the land resources themselves to withstand conflict pressure, and the stability of the land system, three indexes including the land complexity index, land fragility index and land stability index were selected to evaluate the land-use conflict [34,38,39]. Mathematical linear models were used to characterize a comprehensive index of land-use conflict (*CCI*):

$$\text{CCI} = \text{LCI} + \text{LFI} - \text{LSI} \tag{1}$$

In this formula, *CCI* refers to the comprehensive index of land use conflict; *LCI* refers to the land complexity index; *LFI* refers to the land fragility index; and *LSI* refers to the land stability index. Since land use spatial conflict is a complex scientific problem, it is difficult to determine the impact of complexity, vulnerability and stability on land-use spatial conflict. Therefore, this study uses equal weight to calculate the comprehensive index of land use spatial conflict without considering its possible nonlinear influence.
