*3.4. Available Processes for Extracting Milk Phospholipids*

In brief, there are three options for the large-scale manufacturing of MPLs, including solvent extraction [21,68], SFE [59,97], and proteolysis plus membrane concentration [34,42,82,96]. The membrane concentration of MPLs have yielded a 20% (*w*/*w*, DM basis) purity, as achieved by Lecico [58] and Arla [10]. Tatua [56] and Westland and Synlait [44] have extracted MPLs from BS powder (2.28%, *w*/*w*, DM basis), achieving approximately 12.8% (*w*/*w*, DM basis) purity using membrane filtration. The proteolysis and UF unit recovers MPLs completely [34,82,96] and cost-effectively [44]. This process is more efficient than SFE and solvent extraction, whereas SFE and solvent extractions are effective steps for manufacturing high purity MPLs. Therefore, the three processes have features of a high recovery rate, facility availability, and food compatibility, representing current industrial practices (in Table 3).

### **4. Carbon Footprint**
