*2.9. Target Metabolite Analysis of Glycolysis Intermediates*

All samples were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UH-PLC) coupled with Xevo TQ-S MS (Waters Corp., MA USA) as previously described with modifications [27]. MS was performed in negative-ion multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode. For tuning purposes, a single analysis standard dissolved in a mixture of water/methanol 50:50 (*v/v*) was infused at a flow rate of 10 μL/min. The desolvation gas flow was set at 1000 L/h at a temperature of 500 ◦C, and the source temperature was set at 150 ◦C. The capillary voltage and cone voltage were set to 1.3 kV and 25 V, respectively. For chromatographic separation, a BEH C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm; Waters Corp, MA, USA) was used with eluent A (10 mM tributylamine aqueous solution with 15 mM acetic acid) and eluent B (50% acetonitrile containing 10 mM tributylamine and 15 mM acetic acid), the flow rate was 0.3 mL/min, and the column temperature was set at 25 ◦C. The gradient profile was as follows: linear-gradient 99–98% solvent B, 8 min; 12% solvent B, 2 min; 55% solvent B, 2 min; and 99% solvent B, 2 min. The column was then re-equilibrated for 4 min. QC samples were analyzed during the analytical runs. All samples were analyzed in triplicate, and the intraassay CV was 3.4 ± 0.6%.

#### *2.10. Senescence-Related Biological Markers and Methemoglobin Concentrations in Erythrocytes*

The erythrocyte suspension (1 × 104 cells/μL) was incubated with saturating concentrations of monoclonal anti-human CD47 antibody (BioLegend) or monoclonal anti-human CD147 antibody (eBioscience) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in the dark for 30 min at 37 ◦C. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) obtained from 50,000 erythrocytes was measured by a FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson, NJ USA). Human methemoglobin (met-Hb) ELISA kit (CSB-E09493 h, CUSABIO, Huston, TX USA) obtained from CUSABIO was used according to the manufacturers' instructions. All samples were analyzed in triplicate, and the intraassay CV was 4.4 ± 0.7%.
