*2.1. Participants*

Ten healthy male participants were recruited from National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Individuals with diabetes and cardiovascular, renal, liver, or autoimmune diseases were excluded. All participants were requested to maintain their regular eating habits, avoid alcohol, and avoid consuming other nutritional supplements during the experimental period. The participants were informed of the requirements, benefits, and risks of the study before obtaining written informed consent. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, with the IRB number C102053. The anthropometric data of participants were as follows: age: 24.60 ± 3.06 years; weight: 76.45 ± 9.58 kg; height: 177.00 ± 8.26 cm. Moreover, the performance in endurance exercise capacities of VO2max, 80% VO2max, and mean relative running velocity at 80% VO2max were 50.21 ± 8.38 mL/kg/min, 40.20 ± 6.71 mL/kg/min, and 3.07 ± 0.26 m/s, respectively.
