*Article* **India's Other Religious Freedom Problems**

**Timothy S. Shah**

> Politics Department, University of Dallas, Irving, TX 75062, USA; tshah@udallas.edu

**Abstract:** There is no doubt that India is far from perfect when it comes to religious freedom. Indeed, India's religious freedom problems have become an increasing focus of scholarly and policy attention. However, almost all of this attention is directed at one particular subset of religious freedom problems—i.e., restrictions imposed on the religious freedom of India's minority communities, and particularly Muslims and Christians. Meanwhile, serious religious freedom challenges experienced by members of India's Hindu majority population tend to be ignored. In this article: (1) I first describe the religious freedom situation in India as a complex terrain that requires a multi-dimensional mapping. (2) I then survey existing, influential studies of the religious freedom situation in India and identify their tendency to generate flat, one-dimensional mappings, and their consequent failure to analyze restrictions on the religious freedom of India's Hindus, including both Hindu individuals and institutions. (3) I briefly analyze India's regime of "Hindu Erastianism"—i.e., its extensive system of state regulation and control of Hindu institutions—and sugges<sup>t</sup> how and why this regime amounts to a direct attack on core features of institutional religious freedom. (4) I conclude by briefly suggesting that the whole range of India's religious freedom problems—including its "other", less discussed problems—can be traced to a longstanding and destructive pattern of ideological polarization that owes as much to an uncompromising statist secularism as to Hindu nationalism. The existence of this now deeply ingrained pattern bodes ill for improvements in India's religious freedom situation in the short term, and suggests that it is the country's public culture, rather than its political balance of power, that must change if the world's largest democracy is to enjoy greater religious freedom and tolerance in the future.

**Citation:** Shah, Timothy S.. 2021. India's Other Religious Freedom Problems. *Religions* 12: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070490

Academic Editor: Roy C. Amore

Received: 20 April 2021 Accepted: 25 June 2021 Published: 30 June 2021

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**Keywords:** India; religious freedom; religious restrictions; institutional religious freedom; religious autonomy; Erastianism; secularism; Jawaharlal Nehru; Hinduism; Hindu nationalism
