**6. Conclusions**

This paper has presented an analytical modeling and design approach to reduce torque ripple with rotor sculpt features. By carefully placing rotor sculpt features and rotor barrier features, average torque can be maintained while minimizing torque harmonics. Contributions of this paper include:


These results enable better design insight and an efficient design process through use of an analytical model.

**Author Contributions:** Investigation, S.H.; supervision, E.S. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Data sharing not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
