**Exploring the Dzi Bead with Synchrotron Light: XRD, XRF Imaging and** µ**-XANES Analysis**

### **Averie Reinhardt <sup>1</sup> , Renfei Feng <sup>2</sup> , Qunfeng Xiao <sup>2</sup> , Yongfeng Hu <sup>2</sup> and Tsun-Kong Sham 1,\***


Received: 16 August 2020; Accepted: 10 September 2020; Published: 15 September 2020

**Abstract:** The origin of Dzi beads, also called "tian zhu", has always been a mystery. These beads come in a variety of patterns, shapes and sizes. They have cultural and heritage significance in Tibet and areas surrounding the Himalayas. The most recognized beads are those with the "eye" pattern. They are said to ward off evil spirits. Due to their reputation, the demand for Dzi beads has increased in Asia. Herein, we report a study of a Dzi bead with a three-eye pattern using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and imaging techniques. This is a novel area for Dzi bead research using X-rays from a synchrotron light source to determine the chemical composition of the bead, if the pattern is natural or man-made or if the bead is genuine or a replica. These techniques revealed the bead to be composed of agate (silicon dioxide). An interesting feature on the bead's surface was the etched rings, which were observed to contain regular copper hot spots on their circumference. Our results suggest that the Dzi bead was genuine and started out as an earth-formed agate, with the pattern crafted.

**Keywords:** Dzi bead; agate; X-ray diffraction; X-ray fluorescence; X-ray absorption near edge structure; X-ray imaging
