*Article* **Simulation of a Fast-Charging Porous Thermal Energy Storage System Saturated with a Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material**

**Mohammad Ghalambaz 1,2, S.A.M. Mehryan 3, Hassan Shirivand 4, Farshid Shalbafi 5, Obai Younis 6,7, Kiao Inthavong 8, Goodarz Ahmadi <sup>9</sup> and Pouyan Talebizadehsardari 1,2,\***


**Abstract:** The melting of a coconut oil–CuO phase change material (PCM) embedded in an engineered nonuniform copper foam was theoretically analyzed to reduce the charging time of a thermal energy storage unit. A nonuniform metal foam could improve the effective thermal conductivity of a porous medium at regions with dominant conduction heat transfer by increasing local porosity. Moreover, the increase in porosity contributes to flow circulation in the natural convection-dominant regimes and adds a positive impact to the heat transfer rate, but it reduces the conduction heat transfer and overall heat transfer. The Taguchi optimization method was used to minimize the charging time of a shell-and-tube thermal energy storage (TES) unit by optimizing the porosity gradient, volume fractions of nanoparticles, average porosity, and porous pore sizes. The results showed that porosity is the most significant factor and lower porosity has a faster charging rate. A nonuniform porosity reduces the charging time of TES. The size of porous pores induces a negligible impact on the charging time. Lastly, the increase in volume fractions of nanoparticles reduces the charging time, but it has a minimal impact on the TES unit's charging power.

**Keywords:** nonuniform metal foam; melting heat transfer; thermal energy storage
