*Review* **Investigation of the Photon to Charge Conversion and Its Implication on Photovoltaic Cell Efficient Operation**

**Vasileios Kapsalis 1,\*, Grigorios Kyriakopoulos 2, Miltiadis Zamparas <sup>3</sup> and Athanasios Tolis <sup>1</sup>**


**Abstract:** Efficient photon to charge (PTC) transfer is considered to be the cornerstone of technological improvements in the photovoltaic (PV) industry, while it constitutes the most common process in nature. This study aims to investigate the parameters that impact efficient PV-cell photon to charge conversion in two ways: (a) providing a brief research analysis to extract the key features which affect the electrical and optical performance of PV cells' operation, and (b) investigating the dependance of these characteristics on the photon to charge mechanisms. The former direction focuses on the latest advances regarding the impacts of the microenvironment climate conditions on the PV module and its operational performance, while the latter examines the fundamental determinants of the cell's efficient operation. The electrical and optical parameters of the bulk PV cells are influenced by both the external microenvironment and the intrinsic photon to charge conversion principles. Light and energy harvesting issues need to be overcome, while nature-inspired interpretation and mimicking of photon to charge and excitation energy transfer are in an infant stage, furthering a better understanding of artificial photosynthesis. A future research orientation is proposed which focuses on scaling up development and making use of the before mentioned challenges.

**Keywords:** photovoltaic cell efficiency; thermal regulation; energy and light harvesting; irreversibility losses; quantum dynamics; nature-inspired mimicking
