*4.3. Situation in Switzerland from 2021 on*

As of 2021, there will be 29 MSWI plants in Switzerland producing ~80,000 tons of FA per year that must be treated prior to disposal. Although the type of process to recover metals from FA will not be prescribed, all FA is expected to be treated by the FLUWA process, as it represents the state-of-the art process. In 2018, only 12 plants individually conducted acid leaching. The remaining plants produce approximately 43,000 t/y of FA, which has to be treated in external or newly constructed facilities. Considering the costs of 350–450 CHF per ton of FA [4], there is a market potential of CHF 15–20 million per year.
