**2. Direct Genotoxicity of GFNs**

Adsorption on DNA is a critical physiochemical process at the DNA–GFNs interface due to large surface area and surface-active properties of the GFNs. This process can (1) induce the direct genotoxicity of GFNs (e.g., DNA damage); and (2) alter the function of DNA through coating and modification by GFNs. In reviewing the current literature, the adsorption of GFNs on DNA and molecular interactions were investigated.
