**3. Indirect Genotoxicity of GFNs**

Although GFNs can induce direct genotoxicity, most of the current studies focus on GFNs' indirect genotoxicity on the indirect effect on gene normal tissue expression. Indirect genotoxicity covers different aspects. Here, we describe the indirect genotoxicity of GFNs in the following aspects: oxidative stress, epigenetic toxicity, DNA replication, repair and transcription affected by GFNs, and inflammation and autophagy.
