*Proceeding Paper* **Electricity Consumption Forecasting for Out-of-Distribution Time-of-Use Tariffs †**

**Jyoti Narwariya \*,‡, Chetan Verma \*,‡, Pankaj Malhotra, Lovekesh Vig, Easwara Subramanian and Sanjay Bhat**

> TCS Research, New Delhi 110 001, India; malhotra.pankaj@tcs.com (P.M.); lovekesh.vig@tcs.com (L.V.); easwar.subramanian@tcs.com (E.S.); sanjay.bhat@tcs.com (S.B.)

Correspondence: jyoti.narwariya@tcs.com (J.N.); verma.chetan@tcs.com (C.V.)

† Presented at the AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence with Biased or Scarce Data (AIBSD), Online, 28 February 2022.

‡ These authors contributed equally to this work.

**Abstract:** In electricity markets, electricity retailers or brokers want to maximize profits by allocating tariff profiles to end-consumers. One of the objectives of such demand response managemen<sup>t</sup> is to incentivize the consumers to adjust their consumption so that the overall electricity procurement in the wholesale markets is minimized, e.g., it is desirable that consumers consume less during peak hours when the cost of procurement for brokers from wholesale markets are high. We consider a greedy solution to maximize the overall profit for brokers by optimal tariff profile allocation, i.e., allocate that tariff profile to a consumer that maximizes the profit with respect to that consumer. This, in turn, requires forecasting electricity consumption for each user for all tariff profiles. This forecasting problem is challenging compared to standard forecasting problems due to following reasons: (1) the number of possible combinations of hourly tariffs is high and retailers may not have considered all combinations in the past resulting in a biased set of tariff profiles tried in the past, i.e., the retailer may want to consider new tariff profiles that may achieve better profits; (2) the profiles allocated in the past to each user is typically based on certain policy, i.e., tariff profile allocation for historical electricity consumption data is biased. These reasons violate the standard IID assumptions as there is a need to evaluate new tariff profiles on existing customers and historical data is biased by the policies used in the past for tariff allocation. In this work, we consider several scenarios for forecasting and optimization under these conditions. We leverage the underlying structure of how consumers respond to variable tariff rates by comparing tariffs across hours and shifting loads, and propose suitable inductive biases in the design of deep neural network based architectures for forecasting under such scenarios. More specifically, we leverage attention mechanisms and permutation equivariant networks that allow desirable processing of tariff profiles to learn tariff representations that are insensitive to the biases in the data and still representative of the task. Through extensive empirical evaluation using the PowerTAC simulator, we show that the proposed approach significantly improves upon standard baselines that tend to overfit to the historical tariff profiles.

**Keywords:** out-of-distribution generalization; forecasting; temporal bias; permutation equivariance; optimization
