*Future Work*

Regarding future work, we plan to work on the following topics:

	- - This study will be helpful for understanding micro-segregation, especially for cast prosthetics [13,44–46]. Studies have shown that during solidification, it is difficult to avoid composition variation in the inter-dendritic region due to solute entrapment, which thus makes the casting composition nonhomogeneous [44]. Micro-segregation can be controlled by properly choosing the cooling rate [13,44]. Thus, solidification simulation will be helpful in understanding the temperature regimes where a certain desired or undesired phase is stable [44]. This way, one should be able to design a cooling rate that is fast enough to avoid ageing in the temperature regimes where undesired phases are unstable.
	- - Heat-treatment simulations are equally important [46]. Some of these alloys are subjected to ageing at a defined temperature for a prolonged time (several hours). Through heat treatment simulations, one can obtain an estimate of the grain size and volume fractions of a desired phase and observe its growth over time. Grain size and volume fraction affect the Young's modulus of an alloy, so this study is important.
	- - The phase field approach is a popular approach for simulating microstructure evolution. A user can ge<sup>t</sup> insights required for the understanding of the solidification process and can study the growth of dendrites and composition variation in inter-dendritic regions, which is important for addressing microsegregation [47–49]. The CALPHAD approach will be used for providing vital information on thermodynamics and kinetics to the phase-field models especially regarding the sequence of precipitation of a phase as well as stability of various phases [49]. The CALPHAD approach also provides the grain size, and this information can be used to calibrate the phase field model [49].
	- - Manufacturing of parts via additive manufacturing is a viable method, especially for users who need custom made implants [50–57]. The additive manufacturing route is also helpful in developing implants with lower Young's modulus and improved biocompatibility [51].
	- - Several modes of designing new parts through additive manufacturing exist, such as selective laser beam, electron beam, etc. [50–52,56]. All of these methods have advantages and limitations [50–52,56]. Optimization of operation param-

eters plays a vital role in achieving targeted properties of a prosthetic/implant manufactured by additive manufacturing [50,53].

