**Appendix A**

**Figure A1.** The NDVI fitting results of three equations, including HANTS (red lines and numbers), Polyfit (green lines and numbers), and Double logistic (red lines and numbers). (**<sup>a</sup>**–**i**) represent subregions I–IX, respectively. The upper-left panels are corresponding NDVIratio changes and EOS with HANTS and Polyfit fitting methods. The upper-right numbers are RMESs for three fitting methods.

**Figure A2.** Relative proportions of the three climate variables that contributed to the EOS in each subregion. The legend coloring is same as in Figure 5. The white portions indicate that the proportion is not significant (*p* > 0.05).

**Figure A3.** Relative influence of different climate variables (temperature, precipitation, and insolation) on EOS changes before (**<sup>a</sup>**,**<sup>e</sup>**) and after (**b**,**f**) the turning point, and over the entire study period (**<sup>c</sup>**,**g**) with the EOS values of HANTS and Polyfit methods respectively. (**d**,**h**) Area proportions controlled by the different dominant climate variables with results of HANTS and Polyfit methods.
