**Appendix B. Additional Information: Optimisation Approach &**

### **Background—60 kWp and 45 kWp Solar Energy Mini-Grid for a Location like Mpanta** *Appendix B.1. Estimating PV Power Output*

The estimation of solar PV output power in Mpanta, Zambia is calculated through the World Bank Solargis map for Zambia [71]. This map provides a summary of the estimated solar PV power generation potential. It represents the average daily and yearly sum of electricity production from a 1 kWp grid-connected solar PV power plant calculated for the recent 24-year period 1994–2017. The PV system configuration consists of crystalline silicon PV modules mounted at a fixed position and ground-based, free standing structures with an optimal tilt towards the equator. The use of high efficiency inverters is assumed.

**Table A4.** Annual/Daily PV power output Mpantan MG–modelling approach.

