**Preface to "Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma"**

Dear Colleagues,

In the last 40 years, the incidence of thyroid carcinoma has considerably increased, making it the most common endocrine malignancy. Even though, in most cases, the initial treatment is curative, a certain number of patients experience a poor course of disease, with local or distant recurrence, and require further medical or surgical treatment, which considerably worsens their quality of life.

Indeed, thyroid cancer represents a heterogeneous disease, comprising different molecular and histological subtypes with distinct clinical behavior and prognosis.

In the last two decades, great efforts have been made to improve its diagnosis and surgical outcomes. Molecular biomarkers have been studied and introduced in clinical practice, and new pathological and clinical classifications have been proposed to consider tumor behavior and the risk of disease recurrence. At the same time, new devices and surgical approaches have been developed to improve radicality and reduce surgical trauma, including mini-invasive and remote access surgery, the intraoperative monitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerves, and the use of indocyanine green fluorescence to identify parathyroid glands.

Nevertheless, many issues remain a matter of debate, regarding, for example, the indication and extent of lymphectomy of the central compartment, the treatment of microcarcinoma, the therapeutic options for poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas, and the indications and strategies in cases of recurrent disease.

In this Special Issue of *Cancers,* we report the latest research on the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid cancer.

> **Fabio Medas and Pier Francesco Alesina** *Editors*

*Article*
