**5. Conclusions**

Fluorescence-guided surgery is useful for preventing post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism and is also feasible and safe. As this review has shown, fluorescence-guided surgery enhances early identification, visualization, and preservation of the PGs and may reduce the incidence of postoperative hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia. Moreover, this technique assists in the identification of accidentally resected glands on the specimen for subsequent autotransplantation. In thyroid cancer surgery, such intraoperative guidance is particularly beneficial for extended dissection and lymphadenectomy. Further studies are needed to focus on thyroid cancer surgery, as current data are scarce. Moreover, standardof-practice guidelines are needed to identify the ideal timepoint(s) for NIRAF and ICG imaging during thyroid cancer surgery to optimize the beneficial influence of NIR imaging and proper adoption of the technique.

Most authors highlighted the potential of fluorescence imaging to curtail the need for postoperative supplementation with calcium and vitamin D, especially when paired with the surgeon's critical decision-making skills. However, the articles published thus far have analyzed outcomes for highly experienced/high-volume surgeons. Thus, more high-quality research is required to validate the long-term advantages of these techniques over use of the naked eye, especially in the case of less-experienced surgeons, who will most likely benefit more from NIR imaging techniques.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.S.D., B.S., P.F.A. and F.T.; methodology, M.S.D. and B.S.; validation, M.S.D., B.S., J.-C.L., P.F.A. and F.T.; formal analysis, M.S.D.; investigation, M.S.D.; data curation, M.S.D.; writing—original draft preparation, M.S.D. and B.S.; writing—review and editing, M.S.D., B.S., P.F.A. and F.T.; visualization: M.S.D., B.S., J.-C.L., P.F.A. and F.T.; supervision: M.S.D., B.S., J.-C.L. and P.F.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by French state funds managed within the "Plan Investissements d'Avenir" and by the ANR (reference ANR-10-IAHU-02).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
