2.3.8. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)

The crystal structures of pristine bagasse, CLCNF and LCNF were investigated using an X-ray diffractometer (D8 Discover, Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany). Cu Kα radiation was generated at 40 kV and 30 mA. The scanning range is 5–50◦, and the scanning speed is 5◦/min. The crystallinity index (*CrI*) was estimated according to the patterns using the following equation [32]:

$$\text{CrI} = \frac{I\_{200} - I\_{am}}{I\_{200}} \times 100\% \tag{2}$$

where *I*<sup>200</sup> was the maximum intensity of the peak at 2θ between 22◦ and 23◦, and *Iam* was the minimum intensity of the amorphous cellulose at 2θ between 18◦ and 19◦.

#### 2.3.9. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

Thermogravimetric analysis of pristine bagasse, CLCNF and LCNF was performed using a TGA-DSC/DTA analyzer (STA 449 F5, NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany) under a nitrogen atmosphere at a constant rate of 30 mL/min. Approximately 5 mg of dry sample was placed in an aluminum oxide pan and thermally degraded by heating from 30 ◦C to 850 ◦C at a rate of 10 ◦C/min.

#### 2.3.10. Viscosity

The viscosity of CLCNF-3 suspension (0.5 wt%) was measured using the rotational rheometer (Haake MARS 4, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The measurements were conducted at 25 ◦C and at a shear rate of 0.01–1000 s<sup>−</sup>1.
