*2.3. Characterizations*

2.3.1. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

The analysis of the size and the morphology of CLCNF and LCNF were performed by transmission electron microscopy (JEM-1400plus, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The samples were highly diluted to around 0.005 wt% by deionized water and then added dropwise to carbon coated copper grids. Finally, phosphotungstic acid solution (2 wt%) was applied as a negative stain before imaging. The average width of the nanofibers was measured using ImageJ software. The width of each nanofiber sample with standard errors was calculated based on over 100 individual nanofibers.
