*2.5. Characterization*

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (Philips XL30-FEG, Philips Electron Optics, Hillsboro, OR, USA) of the PEDOT-BL surfaces at 5 kV were used for analysis after polymerization with the samples that were washed and dried. To obtain better images in the SEM measurement, the samples were sputtered with a thin layer of gold in the range of 20 nm. EDX spectroscopy of the PEDOT-BL samples was carried out at the end of the actuation cycles in an oxidized state at 1.0 V for 5 min and in a reduced state at −1.0 V for 5 min. The surface conductivity values of PEDOT-FF and PEDOT-BL were measured using a 4-point probe conductivity meter (Jandle 4-Point Probe Head, Model RM2, Leighton Buzzard, UK).
