*2.4. Characterization of the Synthesized Polymer and its Composites with Gum Arabic*

The UV/visible spectrophotometer (UV752PC) (Citi Scientific Supply, Ltd. Karachi, Pakistan) was employed to identify the electronic transitions from lower to higher energy levels in the UV-visible range of radiation. To detect functional groups and the interaction of PPy and PPy/GA composites, we employed Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (model 783 PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The crystallinity of the conducting polymers (CPs) was measured using X-ray diffractometry. The XRD spectra of the synthesized material were taken by using {Cu Kα radiations (λ = 1.5405 A◦) JEOL JDX-3532, X-ray diffractometer, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan}. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM JSM-IT-100 JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) helped to scan the surface of the synthesized materials. The thermogravimetric analysis of the synthesized materials was carried out at TGA SDT Q600 (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The electrochemical properties such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) were performed on the electrochemical workstation (PGSTAT302, Metrohm AUTOLAB B.V. Ltd., KM Utrecht, Netherlands). The CV tests were performed at the scan rate of 100 mV/s in the potential window of −0.4 to 0.8 V. The GCD tests were

conducted under current densities from 1 to 2.5 A/g by holding the cut-off voltage between −0.4 and 0.8 V.
