**Preface to "Industry 4.0—From Smart Factory to Cognitive Cyberphysical Production System and Cloud Manufacturing"**

In the last five years, the new industrial paradigm—Industry 4.0—became a global research trend. Now, it is evolving and moving toward Industry 5.0. From the very beginning, it was clear that the smart factory concept will be its main enabler. The smart factory is seen as a place where virtual and reality meet, supported by the industrial Internet of Things and the cyber-physical production system. Today, a step forward toward the cognitive system has been made. It is something that goes beyond smart, as it is more than big data analytics. The cognitive system can learn and adapt to new situations and to new market demands, completely autonomous or with some human support. These cognitive systems require brand new algorithms and decision-making systems.

This Special Issue addressed some of these problems. The modern multiobjective algorithms and multicriteria decision-making methods are applied to various real-world industrial problems: green and sustainable machining, microscale machining, cyber-physical production networks, the optimization of assembly lines, and cybersecurity. Furthermore, a review of the Industry 4.0 evolution toward Industry 5.0 is presented with a special focus on the people. This increase in the influence of human-centricity became a very important topic, especially in distinguishing Industry 4.0/5.0 from transhumanism ideas.

> **Marko Mladineo** *Editor*
