*Article* **Reconstructing Pure Land Buddhist Architecture in Ancient East Asia**

**Young-Jae Kim**

> The Department of Heritage Conservation and Restoration, Korea National University of Cultural Heritage, Buyeo 33115, Korea; kyjandy@nuch.ac.kr

**Abstract:** Pure land comes from the Indian term "sukha," which means welfare and happiness. However, in East Asia, Buddhism has been associated with the theological concepts of the immortal realm in the bond of death and afterlife. This study reviews detailed conception of Pure Land architecture in Sanskrit literature, as well as Buddhist sutras. The thesis notes that the conceptual explanation of Pure Land architecture, which describes the real world, becomes more concrete over time. Such detailed expression is revealed through the depiction of the transformation tableau. Hence, through Pure Land architecture situated on Earth, this research shows that Buddhist monks and laypeople hope for their own happy and wealthy settlement in the Pure Land. The building's expression of transformation tableaux influences the layout and shape of Buddhist temples built in the mundane real world at that time. Moreover, this study notes that Bulguksa Monastery is a cumulative product of U-shaped central-axis arrangements with courtyards, terraced platforms, high-rise pavilions, and lotus ponds, plus an integrated synthesis of religious behaviors by votaries as a system of rituals. Further, it merges pre-Buddhist practices and other Buddhist subdivisions' notions with Hwaeom thought, in comparison with Hojoji and Byodoin Temples that follow the Pure Land tradition.

**Keywords:** pure land (sukhavati); Bulguksa Monastery; Buddhist grottoes; transformation tableaux; immoral world
