**Notes**


detailed discussion of the terminology. For related discussion, also see Miu (2012), Miller (2014), Mukai (2020). Meanwhile, a second-century relief carving of a multistory structure from Sichuan is considered by scholars as one among the earliest depictions of pagoda. See Xie (1987).


representation of the Twin Buddhas concept and of the "Jeweled Stupa" chapter from the ¯ *Lotus Sutra ¯* . Yet the motif was not depicted frequently until the 470s. See, among many other sources, (Davidson 1954; Wong 2004, chp. 8; Wang 2005, chp. 1; Hurvitz 2009; Williams 2009).

