**5. Conclusions**

It undeniably emerges from this perspective that paleoanthropology has much to gain from interacting more with the field of neuroimaging. Improving our understanding of the morphology of endocasts necessarily involves studying the external surface of the brain and the link it maintains with the internal surface of the skull. A fundamental perspective is to describe more fossils among more species in order to better understand the evolution of the human brain. Our discipline must also work towards better data accessibility. This will reinforce the quality of the comparisons and the repeatability of the work on the complex material that is the endocast. This will also contribute to a better definition of the traits that are analyzed. This aspect will be greatly improved by the contribution of neuroimaging, which will allow us to better define the relationship between brain and endocast. Finally, the exchanges between these two disciplines will also be beneficial to our knowledge of the *H. sapiens* brain. Documenting the anatomies of other human species and including the variation over time within our own species are approaches that offer us a new perspective through which to appreciate what really characterizes the brain of humanity today.

**Author Contributions:** A.B. and J.-F.M.: conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft preparation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received funding from the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR-20-CE27- 0009-01) to AB and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 945539 (HBP SGA3), from the FRM DIC20161236445, from the ANR IFOPASUBA and FOLDDICO, and from the Blaise Pascal Chair of Region Ile de France and Université Paris Saclay to W. Hopkins.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors thank the MNHN for the data for Cro Magnon 1 and La Chapelleaux-Saints; the 3D mapping of the asymmetries was calculated by S. Prima for a shared study.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
