**Retrodeformation of the Steinheim Cranium: Insights into the Evolution of Neanderthals**

**Costantino Buzi 1,\*, Antonio Profico 2, Fabio Di Vincenzo 3,4, Katerina Harvati 1,5, Marina Melchionna 6, Pasquale Raia 6 and Giorgio Manzi 4,7**


**Abstract:** A number of different approaches are currently available to digitally restore the symmetry of a specimen deformed by taphonomic processes. These tools include mirroring and retrodeformation to approximate the original shape of an object by symmetrisation. Retrodeformation has the potential to return a rather faithful representation of the original shape, but its power is limited by the availability of bilateral landmarks. A recent protocol proposed by Schlager and colleagues (2018) overcomes this issue by using bilateral landmarks and curves as well as semilandmarks. Here we applied this protocol to the Middle Pleistocene human cranium from Steinheim (Germany), the holotype of an abandoned species named *Homo steinheimensis*. The peculiar morphology of this fossil, associated with the taphonomic deformation of the entire cranium and the lack of a large portion of the right side of the face, has given rise to different hypotheses over its phylogenetic position. The reconstruction presented here sheds new light on the taphonomic origin of some features observed on this crucial specimen and results in a morphology consistent with its attribution to the Neanderthal lineage.

**Keywords:** digital reconstruction; *Homo heidelbergensis*; *Homo neanderthalensis*; *Homo sapiens*; Middle Pleistocene humans; virtual anthropology; Europe
