**Jihee Han 1, Jinyoung Shon 1, Ji-Yun Hwang <sup>2</sup> and Yoon Jung Park 1,\***


Received: 18 December 2019; Accepted: 11 February 2020; Published: 14 February 2020

**Abstract:** Current evidence on the effects of coffee intake on cardiovascular diseases is not consistent, in part contributed by the genetic variability of the study subjects. While adenosine receptors (ADORAs) are involved in caffeine signaling, it remains unknown how genetic variations at the *ADORA* loci correlate the coffee intake with cardiovascular diseases. The present study examined the associations of coffee intake with dyslipidemia risk depending on genetic variants in the *ADORA* gene family. The study involved a population-based cohort of 4898 Korean subjects. Consumption of more than or equal to a cup of coffee per day was associated with lower dyslipidemia risk in females carrying the *ADORA2B* minor allele rs2779212 (OR: 0.645, 95% CI: 0.506–0.823), but not in those with the major allele. At the *ADORA2A* locus, male subjects with the minor allele of rs5760423 showed instead an increased risk of dyslipidemia when consuming more than or equal to a cup of coffee per day (OR: 1.352, 95% CI: 1.014–1.802). The effect of coffee intake on dyslipidemia risk differs depending on genetic variants at the *ADORA* loci in a sex-specific manner. Our study suggests that a dietary guideline for coffee intake in the prevention and management of dyslipidemia ought to consider ADORA-related biomarkers carefully.

**Keywords:** Adenosine receptors; genetic variants; coffee; dyslipidemia; Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)
