**5. Conclusions**

The purpose of this work is the proposal of solutions using biomimicry in the context of Panama City. Through the weighting obtained in the Green City Index, three aspects were covered: energy, air quality and mobility, for which a biomimetic abstraction was obtained with the problem-based approach. During this analysis, 11 pinnacles were identified, and 17 solutions were proposed and described. Their concepts and applications were studied through an extensive literature review.

Biomimicry of ecosystems is sustained on a design criterion that is based on sustainable and regenerative principles; therefore, the support of professionals with this knowledge is important. Accordingly, a survey for experts in the relevant sectors was conducted. The results revealed that among the 17 proposed solutions, the most supported or feasible in the experts' opinion were: arborization, green facades, solar roofs, e-mobility, green corridors, bicycle lanes, sidewalks and biofilters. In general, the concluding remarks from this paper and the final survey are following:


For future works, it is recommended to test the different proposals through simulations or new evaluations before implementation in this case study. Although the problem-based biomimetic analysis can be extended to other challenges that encompass the unassessed systems, such as how nature uses water, the methods presented should be revised before application to other case studies due to the specific challenges and factors identified for the pinnacles analysis and selection.

**Author Contributions:** Original concept, formal analysis, and editing by M.C.A., A.Q., M.Z. and N.T.-F.; supervision and funding by D.M. and M.C.A.; introduction, figures, and writing of most of the manuscript by M.Z. and A.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Panamanian Institution Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) https://www.senacyt.gob.pa/ (Last accessed on: 3 November 2021) within the project FID18-056, in cooperation with the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not Applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not Applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not Applicable.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the Technological University of Panama and the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering for their collaboration, as well as the Research Group Energética y Confort en Edificaciones Bioclimáticas-ECEB (https://eceb.utp.ac.pa/, last accessed on: 3 November 2021), the group Centro de Investigaciones Hidráulicas e Hidrotécnicas-CIHH (https://cihh.utp. ac.pa/, last accessed on: 3 November 2021), and several other professionals for their significant contributions to the realization of this investigation.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.



**Table A1.** Summary of the evaluation of indicators in the Green City Index. Adapted from [19].


**Table A1.** *Cont.*



**Table A1.** *Cont.*
