*2.3. Data Analyses*

Data analyses were performed through SPSS 27 for descriptive statistics, correlations (Pearson's r), and alpha reliabilities ( α) for each scale. These analyses were performed on each group considered in the study. The multi-group structural equations model (SEM) was estimated with MPLUS 8 in order to simultaneously test in both groups, Italian and French, the relationship between the detected variables and the possible presence of a mediation by the perception of product security between the packaging with territoriality links and intentions to buy products with certification marks. It has to be specified that the hypotheses were specified a priori and a partial mediation model was performed [33]. The goodness of fit of the model was evaluated by the chi-square value ( χ2), the comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker–Lewis index (TLI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR).

To assess possible effects of common method bias, Harman's single-factor test was performed [36] through a confirmatory factor analysis. Results obtained with MPLUS 8 showed the following fit indices: χ2(28) = 709.499, *p* < 0.001, CFI = 0.67, TLI = 0.58, RMSEA = 0.20, SRMR = 0.17. These indices show that the model could not be identified, thus indicating that one single factor did not account for the variance in the data and suggesting that common method bias was unlikely.
