**5. Conclusions**

The study investigated the association of family separation with subjectively perceived time pressure and adverse mental health considering the main relevant confounders in a resettled refugee population in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Participants' with insecure residence status experienced more time pressure, whereas females, those with an insecure residence status, and those separated from at least one child were at higher risk for adverse mental health. We believe that the present findings help to underscore the importance of family for refugee mental health. Therefore, policies and practices that facilitate family reunification can contribute significantly to the promotion of refugees' mental health and well-being and thus their integration. Future studies may take a closer look at the temporal relationship of family separation with time pressure and adverse mental health.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.H.B.; methodology, M.H.B. and H.B.; formal analysis, M.H.B.; investigation, A.K.; writing—original draft preparation, M.H.B.; writing—review and editing, M.H.B., H.B., and A.K.; supervision, H.B. and A.K.; project administration, M.H.B. and A.K.; funding acquisition, A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The authors did not receive any specific financial support for this research. MHB received funding from the Ministry of Culture and Science of the German State North Rhine-Westphalia (Grant number: 321-8.03.07-127600) in the context of the Research Graduate School on Refugee Health (FlueGe: Fluechtlingsgesundheit) comprising five faculties of Bielefeld University. AK was Senior Professor at Bielefeld University's School of Public Health and Director of the Graduate Research Program FlueGe, and MB was at the same institution. The funding sources played no role in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or the writing of this article.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Bielefeld University (23 December 2017/2017-072W).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request, due to privacy and ethical reasons.

**Acknowledgments:** We acknowledge support regarding data collection provided by the "FlueGe" research consortium and all interviewers. Furthermore, we acknowledge support for the publication costs by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Open Access Publication Fund of Bielefeld University.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
