**Notes**

<sup>1</sup> Initially "Yalu" was not a person's name but a title that means "old grandfather" or "old ancestor", used as "an honorific title for a prestigious leader". Due to the long use of honorific titles and the difference in Hmong dialects, the meaning of "Yalu" was gradually blurred until it was treated as a person's name (Wu 2012, pp. 34–37).

