**5. Conclusions**

In the present study, the heat transfer behavior of AA5456 as the base metal is investigated while welding by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. To do so, the numerical modeling and the analytical method are performed, and the estimated results are compared with the experimental ones. According to the investigation, welding pool dimensions including fusion width, fusion depth, and PMZ thickness; temperature-dependent parameters such as temperature gradient, cooling rate, and growth rate; and primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) are determined for different heat inputs. Moreover, the results obtained from the numerical modeling and the analytical method are compared with the results from experiments to validate these methods as a confident tool in prediction of mechanical properties as well as the microstructure. The conclusions are mentioned below:


**Author Contributions:** H.H.: Investigation, formal analysis, writing of the paper; Z.Z.: Formal analysis, writing of the paper; J.S.: Investigation; J.P.O.: Formal analysis, writing of the paper; H.N.-M.: Formal analysis, supervision, writing of the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT–MCTES): Grant number: UIDB/00667/2020 (UNIDEMI).

**Acknowledgments:** J.S. and J.P.O. acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT–MCTES) for its financial support via the project UIDB/00667/2020 (UNIDEMI).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
