**Jian Luo 1,2,3,\*, Jiafa Wang 2, Hongxin Lin 2, Lei Yuan 4, Jianjun Gao <sup>2</sup> and Haibin Geng 2,3**


Received: 29 May 2020; Accepted: 2 July 2020; Published: 8 July 2020

**Abstract:** In friction stir welding (FSW), many defects (such as kissing bond, incomplete penetration, and weak connection) easily occur at the root of the welded joint. Based on the Levy–Mises yield criterion of the Zener–Hollomon thermoplastic constitutive equation, a 3D thermal–mechanical coupled finite element model was established. The material flow behavior and the stress field at the root area of a 6 mm thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy FSW joint were studied. The influence of pin length on the root flaw was investigated, and the formation mechanism of the "S line" defects and non-penetration defects were revealed. The research results showed that the "S line" defect forms near the bottom surface of the pin owing to the insufficiently mixed material from the advancing side (AS) and retreating side (RS) near the weld center. The non-penetration defect forms near the bottom surface of the workpiece owing to the insufficient driving force to make the material flow through the weld center. With the continual increase of pin length, the size of the "S line" defect and non-penetration defect reduces, and finally, the defect-free welded joint can be obtained with an optimized suitable length of the pin in this case.

**Keywords:** friction stir welding; welding seam root; metal flow behavior; root flaw; pin length; Incomplete penetration; weak connection
