*Review* **Foundations of Electromagnetism: A Review of Wilhelm Weber's Electrodynamic Force Law**

**Christof Baumgärtel and Simon Maher \***

> Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK **\*** Correspondence: s.maher@liverpool.ac.uk

**Abstract:** This article reviews the electrodynamic force law of Wilhelm Weber and its importance in electromagnetic theory. An introduction is given to Weber's force and it is shown how it has been utilised in the literature to explain electromagnetism as well as phenomena in other disciplines of physics, where the force law has connections to the nuclear force, gravity, cosmology, inertia and quantum mechanics. Further, criticism of Weber's force is reviewed and common misconceptions addressed and rectified. It is found that, while the theory is not without criticism and has much room for improvement, within the limitations of its validity, it is equally as successful as Maxwell's theory in predicting certain phenomena. Moreover, it is discussed how Weber offers a valid alternative explanation of electromagnetic phenomena which can enrich and complement the field perspective of electromagnetism through a particle based approach.

**Keywords:** Weber's electrodynamics; Weber force; field theory; electromagnetism; electrodynamics; physics of elementary particles and fields; magnetic field; electric field; electrical engineering; fundamental physics
