*2.2. Regional and National Level Analysis of Energy Supply Security*

From a more specific and comparative perspective, many studies have been conducted at regional and national levels [13,24–30]. Le et al. [24] reported the different levels of energy insecurity in Asia, focusing on 12 variables such as CO2 emissions, CO2 intensity, energy imports, energy intensity, energy use, fossil fuel energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption. Erahman et al. [25] presented the energy situation of Indonesia and 14 indicators for measuring energy security in the five dimensions of availability, affordability, accessibility, acceptability, and efficiency. Glynn et al. [26] provided a method to assess energy security considering sovereignty, infrastructural robustness, and market resilience for a future Irish energy system. Geng and Ji [27] presented China's energy supply security and its evolutionary characteristics by analyzing external availability, affordability, technologies, efficiency, and resource reserves. Narula et al. [28] introduced India's multi-dimensional sustainable energy security using 23 metrics considering availability, affordability, efficiency, and acceptability. Zhao and Yang [13] introduced a regional energy security assessment focusing on integrated systems with renewables in China. Malik et al. [29] analyzed Pakistan's energy security under the 4-A framework, namely availability, applicability, acceptability, and affordability over the six years. Gopal et al. [30] examined the energy security of the Indian electricity sector over a decade. They suggested 11 indicators representing economic, environmental, and social dimensions for their analysis. These researchers have attempted to determine commonly-used indicators assessing the energy supply security of each country and identified its unique characteristics for addressing the appropriate energy security of the target countries.
