*Appendix A.4. Carbon Emissions*

Carbon emissions of different types/technologies of power generation capacity are modelled as follows and the cost of carbon emissions is explicitly considered. The amount of carbon emissions produced is expressed as ∑<sup>M</sup> <sup>m</sup>=<sup>1</sup> <sup>∑</sup><sup>I</sup> <sup>i</sup>=<sup>1</sup> <sup>∑</sup><sup>J</sup> <sup>j</sup>=<sup>1</sup> <sup>∑</sup><sup>T</sup> <sup>v</sup>=−<sup>V</sup> umijtvp ∗ <sup>θ</sup>jp ∗ cem, and the carbon cost in year t is CC(t) = cpt ∗ ∑<sup>M</sup> <sup>m</sup>=<sup>1</sup> <sup>∑</sup><sup>I</sup> <sup>i</sup>=<sup>1</sup> <sup>∑</sup><sup>J</sup> <sup>j</sup>=<sup>1</sup> <sup>∑</sup><sup>T</sup> <sup>v</sup>=−<sup>V</sup> umijtvp ∗ <sup>θ</sup>jp ∗ cem . cem is the carbon emissions per unit of power plant capacity of type j plant, and cpt is the carbon price per unit of carbon emissions in year t.
