*2.3. INDCs' Commitments and Targets submitted by ASEAN Member States to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)*

COP 21 was a very successful conference, at which leaders around the globe showed their solidarity in fighting global climate change. Countries laid out targets or programs aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. Some countries have clear policies and targets, while others have no targets—especially developing countries. In the AMS, the key commitments are varied, reflecting each country's socio-economic and environmental situation. The following paragraphs summarize the key commitments of AMS for mitigating climate change (Kimura and Phoumin, 2018) [20].

Cambodia proposes a GHG mitigation contribution for 2020–2030 (UNFCCC, 2015) [21], conditional on the availability of support from the international community. Cambodia is expected to contribute a maximum reduction of 3100 gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent (GgCO2eq) by 2030 compared with 2010 baseline emissions of 11,600 GgCO2eq. The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a highly climate-vulnerable country whose GHG emissions were only 51,000 GgCO2eq in 2000—negligible compared with total global emissions. The Lao PDR has ambitious plans to reduce its GHG emissions through increased carbon stock by expanding forest cover to 70% of the country's land area by 2020. The Lao PDR electricity grid draws on renewable resources for almost 100% of output, and the government has laid the foundations for implementing a renewable energy strategy that aims to increase the share of small-scale renewable energy to 30% of total energy consumption by 2030.

Viet Nam's intended unconditional contribution (Developing countries announced two sets of mitigation targets to be reached under the Paris Agreement. The low target or unconditional target can be reached without outside support. However, the conditional target can be reached only with outside support.) to GHG emissions reduction efforts during 2021–2030 is to reduce its GHG emissions by 8% in 2030 compared with the BAU scenario, in which the emissions intensity per unit of GDP will decline by 20% from 2010 levels and forest coverage will increase by 45%. Under its conditional contribution, Viet Nam intends to cut emissions by 25% from 2010 levels if international support is received through bilateral and multilateral cooperation (UNFCCC, 2015) [21]. Further, the emissions intensity target per unit of GDP will be reduced by 30% from 2010 levels. Thailand expects its GHG emissions to reach 555 million tones of carbon equivalent (MtCO2e) by 2030 in the BAU case, with 76.8% mainly from the energy and transport sectors. According to Thailand's INDC, the country intends to reduce GHG emissions by 20% of the BAU emissions in 2030. This means that Thailand's amount of GHG emissions reduction should be 111 MtCO2e in 2020.

From 2016 to 2030, Myanmar aims to increase the share of renewables in rural electrification to 30%, increase hydropower capacity to 9.4 gigawatts, and distribute about 260,000 energy-efficient cooking stoves to rural areas (UNFCCC, 2015) [21]. For energy

efficiency, Myanmar aims to achieve 20% electricity-saving potential of the forecast electricity consumption by 2030. Under the INDC framework, Brunei Darussalam targets reducing its energy consumption by 63% by 2035 against the BAU scenario. Furthermore, the country aims to achieve a 10% share of renewable energy in power generation by 2035. With regards to the transport sector, the target is to reduce CO2 emissions by 40% from morning peak-hour vehicle use by 2035 compared with the BAU scenario. Another target in its INDC is to enhance the stocks of carbon sinks by increasing the current 41–55% of the country's total forest area in 2016.

Indonesia's INDC specifies conditional and unconditional mitigation targets. It intends to reduce 29% of its emissions against the BAU scenario by 2030 in the unconditional scenario. If there is additional international support, Indonesia intends to reduce an additional 12% of the emissions. The intended contributions cover five sectors: Energy (including transport); industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land use, land use change, and forestry; and waste. The amount of emissions under the 29% and 41% reduction targets would be 0.848 GtCO2eq and 1.119 GtCO2eq, respectively. Malaysia intends to reduce its GHG emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 relative to the emissions intensity of GDP in 2005 (UNFCCC, 2015) [21]. This consists of 35% on an unconditional basis and a further 10% conditional upon receipt of climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building from developed countries.

The Philippines targets a GHG emissions reduction of 70% by 2030 relative to its BAU scenario of 2000–2030. The mitigation contribution is conditioned on the extent of financial resources—including technology development and transfer—and capacity building that will be made available to the Philippines (Kimura and Phoumin, 2018) [20]. Singapore pledged in 2009 to reduce carbon emissions unconditionally from 7–11% lower than its BAU level by 2020. It committed to a further 16% reduction by 2020 after the COP 21 in Paris on 12 December 2015.
