*4.1. Methodology*

This study adopts the ASEAN integrated electricity grid model developed by Chang and Li [6] and modifies wind energy-related information. The objective of the integrated power trade model is to minimise the cost of meeting demand for electricity in the ASEAN region from 2018 to 2040. Costs have four components: capital cost, operation cost, transmission cost, and carbon cost. As it has an integrated electricity market and grid, power trade (i.e., the import of electricity) is allowed for up to 30 percent of domestic demand. Detailed description of the model is presented in Appendix A.
