*3.3. Correlations between GM Volume and Clinical Parameters in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury*

Although extensive atrophy was observed in the cortical and subcortical structures, only a small set of brain regions correlate with the clinical parameters, as shown in Table 3. There were significant correlations (*p* < 0.05 uncorrected) between MMSE scores and GM volumes in the left inferior temporal gyrus extending to the left fusiform gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, bilateral hippocampus, left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and left thalamus. Specifically, the total memory scores were associated with the GM volume of the left thalamus, right middle frontal gyrus, and insular lobe. Analysis of the anxiety and depressive symptoms showed that the GM volume of the supplementary motor area was correlated to anxiety and depressive symptoms. In addition, the anxiety symptoms were also significantly associated with the decreased GM volume of the left hippocampus. In brief, four brain areas–the left inferior temporal gyrus and medial temporal lobe, supplementary motor area, thalamus, and ACC–were highly implicated in the post-traumatic cognitive impairment and psychiatric complaints.


**Table 3.** Significant correlations between the GM volumes and clinical parameters in TBI patients.
