2.4.3. Neuropsychological Test

For descriptive analysis, the average and standard deviation (SD) of each subpart of the RBANS index was calculated. A group comparison on each subpart between TBI vs. HCs and rSRC vs. HCs were performed using an unpaired *t*-test for independent samples for comparison between groups.

## **3. Results**

#### *3.1. Participants*

Six TBI patients (four males, two females, mean age 27 ± 7), 12 rSRC athletes (6 males, 6 females, mean age 26 ± 7) and 10 HCs (five males, five females, mean age 26 ± 5) were enrolled. No TBI patient had any known psychiatric or psychological disorder prior to the injury. Four TBI patients had cerebral contusions, and 2 had multiple cerebral microbleeds (CMB) suggesting diffuse axonal injury. Of the TBI patients, four had a good clinical recovery on the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS 5) and two a moderate disability (GOS 4). rSRC athletes had attained a median of 6 sports-related concussions (range 3–10). Concussion symptoms were assessed by the sport concussion assessment tool (SCAT)-3 [40], displaying high symptom severity. Non-specific white matter lesions were found in 2 rSRC athletes. Clinical and radiological data are summarized in Table 1.

**Table 1.** Summary of the clinical and radiological data of the three groups.


#### **Table 1.** *Cont*.


In athletes, concussion symptoms were assessed by the sport concussion assessment tool (SCAT). The symptom evaluation score lists 22 symptoms with a severity range of 0–6, and the symptom severity score (SSS) is the sum of all symptom scorings (range 0–132). The number of symptoms (NOS) is the sum of each symptom with a severity score between 1 and 6 (range 0–22). TBI: Traumatic brain injury, SRC: Sport-related concussions, and HI: healthy controls. DAI = diffuse axonal injury; GCS = Glasgow coma scale SCAT = sports concussion assessment tool; SSS = symptom severity score; NOS = number of symptoms; GOS: Glasgow outcome scale; non-parametric data (number of SRCs, time since last SRC, SSS, NOS, GCS) is presented as medians and range, and parametric data (age, time since TBI and length of hospital stay) is presented as means ± standard deviations (SD).
