RED AZAPHILONES

•High yield of water-soluble red colorants was achieved culturing *T. amestolkiae* DPUA 1275 using glucose, magnesium and iron sulfate, sodium chloride and monosodium glutamate for 14 days at pH 5.0 [87].

•Despite the low fungal biomass production, improvement of 31% in the red colorant production using MSG-glucose medium and high oxygen supply (8.0 Lmin-1) after 48 h (30 °C) in comparison to control conditions was reported for *T. amestolkiae* DPUA [88]. •Solid state fermentation using palm oil of *M. purpureus* FTC 5357, followed by ethanol extraction provided red pigments in expressive yield (60%) [80].

•Optimum biomass production, in addition to increasing the presence red pigments can be achieved growing *T. purpureogenus* strain F in Czapek yeast medium at pH 5 [84]. •Production of red pigments by *Monascus* sp. KCCM 10093 was achieved at pH 6.5 [14]. •Rice and peptone are optimum carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, to produce citrinin-free red pigments by *M. ruber* OMNRC45 under submerged fermentation conditions [89].

•Using response surface methodology, an improvement by 38-fold in the yield of an antioxidant red pigment was related culturing *T. purpurogenus* KKP in a medium containing dextrose and peptone (2.25 and 1.10% respectively), pH 6.0 at 27 °C [90].

**Figure 12.** Conditions reported for color-directed production of yellow, orange and red azaphilones [14,67,80–90].
