*2.8. Risk of Bias in Individual Studies*

The methodology of the included randomized clinical trials (RCT) was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias (RoB 2) tool [15]. The risk of bias for the non-randomized clinical trials (NRCT), was determined using the non-randomized clinical trials of Interventions (ROBINS-I) assessment tool [16]. The risk of bias was classified as "low risk", "unclear risk", and "high risk".


**Table 1.** Characteristics of the included studies.

**Table 1.** *Cont*. **Author/Country Type of Study "N" Mean Ages Number of Sites Type of Defects Graft Materials Second-Stage Surgery (m) Mesh Exposure (%) Bone Augmentation (mm) M F (y) Mx Md MHA MVA** Malik et al., 2020/India [36] Case series 12 8 48.7 0 20 V TMAP 6 20 - 4.82 Cucchi et al., 2020/Italy [37] Case series 5 5 52 5 5 V Autologous + ABB 50:50 6−9 10 - 4.5

Mx: Maxilla; Md: Mandible; MHA: Mean horizontal augmentation; MVA: Mean vertical augmentation C: Combined; H: Horizontal; V: Vertical; S: Socket; DBBM: Demineralized bovine bone mineral; ABB: Inorganic bovine bone; BPBM: Bovine porous bone protein; TMAP: Thermoplastic mouldable allograft paste. RCT: Randomized clinical trial; NRCT: Non-randomized clinical trial.1: Referred to vertical and horizontal bone fill of sockets after tooth extraction; CD: Conventional device; CMD: Custom made device.
