2.2.3. Static Blood Clotting

The implant fixtures of SA + VUV and SA + VUV + BS, 11.5 mm long with 4.5 mm diameter (*n* = 5, respectively), were dipped up to their ends in a dish 3.5 cm in diameter filled with 3 mL of non-heparinized sheep blood. The weight (g) of the blood clot around the implant fixture was measured at 5 min, 7.5 min, 10 min, and 12.5 min, respectively.

### 2.2.4. Dynamic Blood Clotting

This model for active blood clotting was designed to simulate continuous blood supply by capillaries. The SA + VUV and SA + VUV + BS implant fixtures, which were 10 mm long with a 4.0 mm diameter (*n* = 5), were inserted with 5 N cm of pre-set insertion torque into a modified Eppendorf tube, which was connected to a syringe pump infusing the sheep blood, mixed with 1 IU/mL heparin, on the bottom at 37 ◦C. After 30 min of blood supply at an infusion rate of 0.05 mL/min, the time (min) until blood ceased dropping by blood clot formation around the implant fixture and the volume (mL) of blood, which was collected in the underlying 15 mL tube below the Eppendorf tube, were measured.
