*2.3. Statistical Analysis*

GraphPad Prism 5.0 software (San Diego, CA, USA) was utilized to perform statistical analysis. The quantitative data were depicted as mean ± standard deviation (*n* = 3). One-way ANOVA and multi-way ANOVA were used to calculate the statistical significance among glucose-treated groups and curcumin-treated groups, respectively. Statistically significant differences between each two groups at each time point were evaluated using the *t*-test. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
