*3.5. Bone Gain*

The bone gains were quantified using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. In two studies, width bone gain was quantified [30,35], five studies quantified height bone gain [21,23,33,36,37], six studied both width and height bone gains [17,22,24,29,31,34] and finally 5 works did not quantify any bone gains after the surgery [18,22,26,27,29]. The average bone gains were 4.3 mm in horizontal width (range 3.1 mm performed with ABB to 8.6 mm performed with TMAP) and 4.11 mm in vertical height (range 2.56 mm performed with autologous and ABB 50:50 to 8.9 mm performed only with autologous).

One study performed GBR after tooth removal, to evaluate the prevention of alveolar collapse after tooth extraction, using titanium membrane [20].

Four studies evaluated the histologic and histomorphometric outcomes of GBR from biopsies of the newly regenerated bone [19,21,31,33]. According to Bassi et al. [31], the histological and histomorphometric analysis of the samples demonstrates the effectiveness of GBR employing titanium mesh, as a barrier membrane. Cucchi et al. [33] concluded that the regenerated bone differed from the native bone in terms of trabecular organization, as well as newly formed bone remained immature and very different from the native bone. Proussaefs et al. [19] demonstrated 36.47% of bone formation when the titanium mesh was used in combination with autogenous bone and ABB. Corinaldesi et al. [21] concluded that BPBM (30%) in combination with the autologous bone (70%) yielded similar bone formation patterns as autologous bone alone.
