**5. Conclusions**

This study sought to highlight the spatial dynamics of land use that prevails along the urban–rural gradient of the Port-au-Prince agglomeration. Our results confirm a change in the spatial pattern along the urban–rural gradient, characterized over 35 years by a rapid progression of built-up and bare soil in urban and peri-urban zones, and of fields in the rural zone. The expansion of these anthropogenic land cover types leads to a regression in the patch area of woody and grassy vegetation among the landscape. This represents an indication of the anthropogenic impact on landscape dynamics along the urban–rural gradient of the Port-au-Prince agglomeration, the extent of which has intensified over the years in the peri-urban zone. This study provides basic information that should lead to an improved understanding of the spatial urban and peri-urban growth of the Port-au-Prince agglomeration and its impact on the different land cover types along the urban–rural gradient. This information remains crucial for the implementation of territorial development planning measures through an integrated and participatory approach.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, W.S., Y.U.S., K.R.S. and J.B.; Methodology, W.S., Y.U.S., K.R.S., A.T.M.K., Y.S.S.B. and J.B.; Software, W.S.; Validation, W.S., Y.U.S., K.R.S., A.T.M.K., Y.S.S.B., J.M.T. and J.B.; Formal Analysis, W.S., Y.U.S., K.R.S., A.T.M.K., Y.S.S.B. and J.B.; Investigation, W.S.; Resources, W.S., Y.U.S. and J.B.; Data Curation, W.S.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, W.S.; Writing—Review & Editing W.S., Y.U.S., K.R.S., A.T.M.K., Y.S.S.B., J.M.T. and J.B.; Visualization, W.S., Y.U.S., K.R.S., A.T.M.K., Y.S.S.B. and J.B.; Supervision, W.S., Y.U.S., K.R.S., A.T.M.K., J.M.T. and J.B.; Project Administration, W.S., Y.U.S., J.M.T. and J.B.; Funding Acquisition, J.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was supported by the Académie de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur-Commission de la Coopération au Développement (ARES-CCD. Exceptional scholarship program) and the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF, Antenor Firmin Scholarship) and Fédération Wallonie Bruxelles (FWB, Exceptional Covid-19 measures).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
