**5. Conclusions**

The present study evaluated the potential of DInSAR techniques for detecting LS in the TCP. Coherence degradation, due to temporal decorrelation caused by vegetation, which is

the dominant land cover in the AOI, and due to recurrent floods, as well the degradation of the precision of DInSAR measurements due to APS effects, affected the effectiveness of conventional DInSAR application. However, advanced differential SAR interferometry, e.g., the DIS approach tested in this study, could be efficiently used to investigate the LS in the AOI. Using the DIS approach, average LOS displacement rates were obtained for the 2018–2019 period and several subsiding zones were identified. The subsiding zones are located in Paraíso and Comalcalco, at the limits of the Villahermosa urban area and its outskirts, such as Pomaca and Saloya 2nd, as well as in other localities, such as Nacajuca, Soyateco, and Jalpa de Méndez. The subsiding zone at the south limits of the Villahermosa urban area has a spatial correlation with the area recurrently affected by floods, indicating the possible influence of LS on the flood vulnerability of this zone. Three of the detected subsiding areas have a spatial correlation with hydrocarbon extraction areas, suggesting a possible relationship between the hydrocarbon extraction and surface deformation. However, more detailed investigations are required for more precise determination of the origin of subsidence in these, and the other subsiding zones identified in this study. This work represents the first effort to address the topic of subsidence in the TCP and could be used as a reference in future investigations.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.M.-F. and O.S.; formal analysis, Z.P.-F.; funding acquisition, G.M.-F.; investigation, O.S. and G.M.-F.; methodology, O.S.; resources, O.S. and G.M.-F.; software, O.S., Z.P.-F. and G.M.-F.; supervision, G.M.-F. and O.S.; visualization, Z.P.-F.; writing— original draft, Z.P.-F.; writing—review and editing, G.M.-F. and O.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México awarded a doctoral scholarship to Z.P.-F. This work has been supported by the Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CICIMAR-IPN) within the framework of the project SIP-20195187. The APC was funded by Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado (SIP-IPN).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Sentinel-1 data are available at Copernicus Sentinel data 2018–2019, processed by the ESA.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the CICIMAR-IPN and Centro de Estudios Superiores de Ensenada (CICESE) for the support to carry out this work. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
