*Article* **Experience-Based Physico-Chemical Models for Long-Term Reinforcement Corrosion**

**Robert E. Melchers**

> Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia; rob.melchers@newcastle.edu.au

**Abstract:** The long-term corrosion progression of steel reinforcement is important for estimating the life of reinforced concrete infrastructure. Reviews of field experience and results from recent controlled long-term experiments show that the development of reinforcement corrosion is much more complex than the classical empirical Tuutti model. A new, comprehensive model is proposed, referencing observations and inferences from many field and laboratory observations and built on the bi-modal model for the corrosion of steel. It includes the critical roles of air-voids in the concrete at the concrete-steel interface and the effect of long-term alkali leaching as accelerated by the presence of chlorides. Both are affected by compaction and concrete permeability. The role of chlorides in the early stages is confined to pitting within air-voids. These are critical for allowing initiation to occur, while their size influences the severity of early corrosion. Empirical data show that for seawater with an average water temperature in the range of 10–20 ◦C, the corresponding rate of long-term corrosion *ra* is in the range of 0.012–0.015 mm/y.

**Keywords:** reinforcement; corrosion; chlorides; progression; alkalinity; cracking
