*Article* **Lessons to Learn from Post-Installation Pollution Levels Assessment of Some Distribution Insulators**

#### **Issouf Fofana 1,\*, Janvier Sylvestre N'cho 2, Amidou Betie 2, Epiphane Hounton 1, Fethi Meghnefi 1 and Kouba Marie Lucia Yapi 1**


**\*** Correspondence: ifofana@uqac.ca; Tel.: +1-418-545-5011; Fax: +1-418-545-5012

Received: 8 July 2020; Accepted: 4 August 2020; Published: 6 August 2020

**Abstract:** Among the main causes of outdoor insulation failures is their poor specifications in terms of leakage distances. This happens when the selected criteria are unable to cope with all the stresses imposed by the changes in environmental pollutions. Therefore, it is important for utilities to fully understand the actual pollution characteristics of the service environment in which the insulators are operating. In this paper, the pollution severity and performance of some 13.2 kV ceramic insulators, sampled in di fferent areas of a Canadian aluminum factory, are assessed. The investigations were performed taking into account the influence of air humidity. Various characteristics were investigated to assess the pollution levels of the insulators, such as equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) and non-soluble deposit density (NSDD), surface resistance, and leakage current characteristics (density, 3rd harmonic amplitude, and phase). It was witnessed that the insulators, collected around the factory, were much more polluted in comparison to the initial expectation. The pollution level should not be considered static due to the environmental parameters' dynamics. Lessons to learn: the reliability of an electrical grid is dependent on components whose own reliability is strongly a ffected by external factors, of which there is often a poor awareness. If care is not taken to re-evaluate the post-installation pollution levels of the insulators, the light may simply turn out!

**Keywords:** insulator; pollution; humidity; equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD); non-soluble deposit density (NSDD); leakage current; post-installation study
