*2.1. Gum Extraction*

Gums were extracted from cold-pressed oil by-products (chia seed, flaxseed, and rocket seed) according to the procedure described by Naji-Tabasi et al. [19]. The gums were removed from the by-products by soaking with water followed by ethanol precipitation. Five hundred by-products are weighed and added to 10 L of distilled water and mixed with a magnetic heated stirrer at 80 ◦C for 2 h to obtain gel structures that come out of the byproducts. The extracted gum solution from the byproducts was passed through to the sieve and then purified by mixing with three volumes of 96% ethanol to precipitate gum and left in the oven at 30 ◦C for 1 day to dry. The seed gums are dried, packaged at 4 ◦C, and stored in dry conditions.
