**2. Materials and Methods**

In this study, cold-pressed oil byproducts obtained from chia seed (*Salvia hispanica* L.), flaxseed (*Linum usitatissimum* L.), and rocket seed (*Eruca sativa*) were supplied from ONEVA Food Co. (Istanbul, Turkey) for gum extraction. Ethanol and all other chemicals and standards to be used during gum extraction are of analytical quality and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) or Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sunflower oil and sunflower lecithin, distilled water, CSG, FSG, RSG, guar gum (GG), Arabic gum (AG), and xanthan gum (XG) were used for low-fat vegan mayonnaise preparation.
