*Article* **Characterization of Refining the Morphology of Al–Fe–Si in A380 Aluminum Alloy due to Ca Addition**

**Meng Wang \* , Yu Guo \*, Hongying Wang and Shengsheng Zhao**

School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China; wanghy@szpt.edu.cn (H.W.); sszhao@szpt.edu.cn (S.Z.)

**\*** Correspondence: wangmeng04@szpt.edu.cn (M.W.); guoyu\_@szpt.edu.cn (Y.G.); Tel.: +86-185-6587-3580 (M.W.); +86-180-0453-7358 (Y.G.)

**Abstract:** Aluminum–silicon (Al–Si) alloys are the most commonly cast aluminum alloys. Fe is the most deleterious element for Al–Si die casting alloys, as its existence causes the precipitation of substantial intermetallics that result in the unsatisfactory mechanical performance of the alloy, such as its ductility. Hence, controlling the morphology and formation of the AlFeSi phase, particularly the β-AlFeSi phase, is vital for improving the ductility of Al–Si die casting alloys. Herein, Ca was added to the A380 alloy, and the morphological changes resulting from the influence of Ca on the AlFeSi phase were characterized. The outcomes revealed that according to different cooling rates, specific amounts of Ca addition (0.01–0.1 wt.%) were capable of refining α-AlFeSi and β-AlFeSi morphology and transforming the β-AlFeSi phase into α-AlFeSi. Moreover, Ca addition could also modify eutectic silicon. The transformation mechanism and refining role of Ca in AlFeSi and the different morphologies of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> were analyzed.

**Keywords:** A380 alloy; Ca; AlFeSi phase; refine

#### **1. Introduction**

A380 aluminum alloy is one of the most extensively utilized Al–Si pressure casting alloys, and it is widely used in electronic and communicational devices, auto components, and engine parts.

For the majority of Al–Si die casting Al alloys, iron is a double-edged sword. In the presence of Fe, die soldering can be suppressed, whereas the fragile AlFeSi phase can affect the mechanical performance of Al–Si alloys in addition to causing a reduction in ductility. The existence of Fe induces the precipitation of Fe-rich intermetallics with platelet-like or fibrous morphologies, causing unsatisfactory mechanical performances of the overall alloy. Those intermetallics remarkably affect the tensile strength and plasticity of Al alloys by avoiding interdendritic feeding during the casting process and by causing the formation of numerous apertures in the eutectic phase. Thus, it is imperative to regulate the levels and morphologies of iron intermetallics in Al–Si compound metals to ensure optimal performance [1–6].

Among the iron-containing phases, the two most significant are the β-AlFeSi and α-AlFeSi phases. The β-AlFeSi phase is harmful due to its platelet or needle-shaped morphology, which is fragile, and therefore, the alloy can be more severely influenced by the stress concentration. The crystal structure of β-AlFeSi is monoclinic, with lattice parameter a = b = 0.611 nm, c = 4.15 nm, β = 91◦ . The α-AlFeSi phase, which presents a certain compact morphological status, such as Chinese scripts, stars, or polygon shapes, is less deleterious to the material performance [7–9]. The crystal structure of α-AlFeSi is cubic, with parameter a = 1.26 nm. Hence, substantial amounts of research have been committed to reducing the fraction of β-AlFeSi, either directly or through conversion into α-AlFeSi [10–13].

**Citation:** Wang, M.; Guo, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhao, S. Characterization of Refining the Morphology of Al–Fe–Si in A380 Aluminum Alloy due to Ca Addition. *Processes* **2022**, *10*, 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040672

Academic Editors: Guoqing Zhang and Prashant K Sarswat

Received: 24 January 2022 Accepted: 29 March 2022 Published: 30 March 2022

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**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

Thus, different approaches have been utilized to decrease the detrimental influence of AlFeSi intermetallic phases, including iron level reduction, element alloying, cooling rate control, and heat treatment. Among these approaches, element alloying is the most commonly used method, and many related studies have been conducted [9]. Mn possesses an atom lattice similar to Fe and can be used as an Fe substitute in β-AlFeSi to generate α-Al(Mn,Fe)Si, which has the same lattice structure as α-AlFeSi. Therefore, it can be used to reliably avoid the deleterious influence of β-AlFeSi. Nevertheless, Mn can facilitate the formation of primary α-Al(Mn,Fe)Si precipitation in Al–Si cast alloys of a large size, resulting in the loss of ductility. Sr is another satisfactory Fe substitute, but its high cost and associated sintering challenges limit its usage. There are also other elements for alloying, while the effect still has limitations. [7,14–17]

Calcium can also act as a valid Fe substitute and functions via the refinement of the AlFeSi phase and the eutectic Si phase, improving the strength and ductility, particularly via elongation. Sreeja Kumari claimed that calcium supplementation could refine both eutectic Si and platelet Fe-intermetallic phases in Al–7Si–0.3Mg–0.6Fe alloy, which also enhanced the tensile properties and impacted the strength of the material [18,19]. Moreover, Ca can be combined with other elements, such as Be, Mn, and Sr, to mitigate the detrimental influence of the AlFeSi phase [20,21]. In a previous study, we found that the addition of Ca and Mn to the A380 alloy resulted in a microstructure consisting of FCC α-Al, modified eutectic Si, α-AlFeSi Chinese script phases, and refined platelet β-AlFeSi phase [21].

Nevertheless, comprehensive studies on the roles of Ca in Fe-rich phases of A380 alloy are insufficient. On the one hand, in previous studies, the content of Fe was comparably low, with low Ca addition (less than 0.01 wt.%). On the other hand, in die cast aluminum A380 alloy, a high level of Fe (about 1 wt.%) needs a high amount of Ca addition (even 0.3 wt.%) as a correction agent. In addition, the function of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> introduced by Ca addition has not been clearly illustrated. Therefore, in the present research, the roles of the Ca level and the cooling rates in the AlFeSi phase of A380 alloy were analyzed, and the findings can elucidate the mechanisms underlying Ca refinement of the AlFeSi phase.

#### **2. Materials and Methods**

In this study, three different cooling rates were studied. A copper mold with a V-shaped slope and a straight water quench method were used to emulate the high cooling rates of die casting. As per the secondary dendritic arm space identified, cooling rates around 50 ◦C/s were studied. A steel mold was employed to realize moderate cooling rates around 5 ◦C/s. Furnace cooling was utilized for low cooling rates at 0.05 ◦C/s. Moderate and low cooling rates were documented using National Instruments cDAQ-9171 data collection devices. The association between the secondary dendritic arm spacing (d) and the relevant cooling velocity (t) can be delineated by:

$$\mathbf{d} = \mathbf{A}\left(\mathbf{i}\right)^{\mathrm{n}} \tag{1}$$

As per the outcomes of Samuel [14], A and n are approximately 31 and –0.366, respectively. Hence, for the fast cooling rate samples, since the values of the secondary dendritic arm spacing were around 14 µm, the cooling rates computed from Equation (1) for high-cooling-rate specimens were approximately 50 ◦C/s, which qualified our research design.

The sample utilized in this study was the commercially available Alcoa Al A380, which is a hypoeutectic aluminum with a comparatively low liquidus (593 ◦C) and solidus (527 ◦C) temperature. The A380 + Ca additive samples were fabricated from the master alloy. The constituents of the master alloy and the initial A380 are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The Ca additions were 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3 wt.%.


#### **Table 1.** Composition of the master alloy.

**Table 2.** Composition of the A380 alloy.


For the preparation of all the alloy specimens, the alloys were melted in a Kerl automatic standard electrical melt stove (Cincinnati, OH, USA). The cast metal for a single casting process was approximately 180 g. The melted alloys were held under 710 ◦C for 120 min and subjected to a slow cooling process until reaching the target temperature of 660 ◦C for casting.

The prepared specimens were sliced, milled, and subjected to careful polishing. The treated specimens were subjected to etching via a 0.5% HF in distilled water. Optical images were captured using a Leica DM LM/P 11888500 light microscope (Berlin, Germany). The SEM analyses were conducted via a Hitachi S-4800 field emission SEM (Tokyo, Japan) or an FEI Philips XL-40 SEM (Hillsboro, OR, USA).

#### **3. Results**

#### *3.1. A380–Ca Equilibrium Phase Diagram*

The A380–Ca equilibrium phase diagram obtained by using Thermo-Calc is shown in Figure 1. From the phase diagram, it can be seen that if the Ca content is lower than 0.6 wt.%, α-AlFeSi precipitates in advance of β-AlFeSi, and therefore no large primary β-AlFeSi can form. Therefore, the highest desired Ca addition is 0.6 wt.%. Additionally, the introduction of Ca can induce the formation of the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase, which can serve as a nucleation center for other secondary AlFeSi phases. Thus, from the calculated phase diagram, Ca addition may improve the ductility of the A380 alloy.

#### *3.2. The Effect of Ca Addition on the Morphology and Phase Fraction of A380 at Different Cooling Rates*

#### 3.2.1. Equilibrium Situation (Low Cooling Rate)

In the equilibrium situation, several phenomena were observed (Figure 2a–d): (1) No evident fraction change in the β-AlFeSi phase was observed. Nevertheless, the average size of the β-AlFeSi phase was reduced, and no primary β-AlFeSi phase was found if the Ca addition was higher than 0.05 wt.%, which revealed the refinement effect of Ca on the β-AlFeSi phase. (2) Polygon-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> tended to occur under the low cooling rates when the Ca content was 0.1 wt.%, whereas no obvious Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> was formed if the Ca content was lower than 0.1 wt.%. (3) Eutectic silicon became refined with the addition of Ca, with an obvious decrease in particle size observed. From the images, we can conclude that at a low cooling rate, Ca can reduce the size of the β-AlFeSi phase, and the best addition of Ca content is around 0.1 wt.%.

#### 3.2.2. Moderate Cooling Rates

Figure 3 shows the microstructure of the A380 alloy with different Ca additions at 5 ◦C/s. When the cooling rate was elevated, several other phenomena could be identified: (a) With an increase in Ca, the β-AlFeSi phase was transformed into an α-AlFeSi phase. No evident variations were observed in the A380–0.01 Ca specimen (Figure 3a), whereas a noticeable decrease in the β-AlFeSi phase in the A380–0.05 Ca specimen was identified (Figure 3b). When the Ca level was higher than 0.05 wt.%, the β-AlFeSi phase was entirely

transformed into the α-AlFeSi phase. (b) When the Ca level was 0.1 wt.%, a polygon-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase formed (Figure 3c), while some needle-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> were observed when the Ca addition level was up to 0.3 wt.%, which was detrimental to the performance of the alloy (Figure 3d). Thus, at a 5 ◦C/s cooling rate, 0.05 wt.% Ca addition is the optimal content. in Figure 1. From the phase diagram, it can be seen that if the Ca content is lower than 0.6 wt.%, α-AlFeSi precipitates in advance of β-AlFeSi, and therefore no large primary β-AlFeSi can form. Therefore, the highest desired Ca addition is 0.6 wt.%. Additionally, the introduction of Ca can induce the formation of the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase, which can serve as a nucleation center for other secondary AlFeSi phases. Thus, from the calculated phase diagram, Ca addition may improve the ductility of the A380 alloy.

The A380–Ca equilibrium phase diagram obtained by using Thermo-Calc is shown

or an FEI Philips XL-40 SEM (Hillsboro, OR, USA).

*3.1. A380–Ca Equilibrium Phase Diagram*

*Processes* **2022**, *10*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 10

**Material Major Minor Element Composition (% by weight) Al**

**Element Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Ni Zn Ti Al** wt.% 9.0 1.0 3.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.35 0.08 Balance

Ca10 Ca = 10% ≤0.20 ≤0.30 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.10 Balance

For the preparation of all the alloy specimens, the alloys were melted in a Kerl automatic standard electrical melt stove (Cincinnati, Ohio, US). The cast metal for a single casting process was approximately 180 g. The melted alloys were held under 710 °C for 120 min and subjected to a slow cooling process until reaching the target temperature of

The prepared specimens were sliced, milled, and subjected to careful polishing. The treated specimens were subjected to etching via a 0.5% HF in distilled water. Optical images were captured using a Leica DM LM/P 11888500 light microscope (Berlin, Germany). The SEM analyses were conducted via a Hitachi S-4800 field emission SEM (Tokyo, Japan)

**Si Fe Mg Others Each Others Total**

**Table 1.** Composition of the master alloy.

**Table 2.** Composition of the A380 alloy.

660 °C for casting.

**3. Results**

**Figure 1.** Al-Si-Cu-xCa phase diagram (Si = 9%, Cu = 3.5%, Mn = 0.4%, Fe = 1%, Mg = 0.2%, Zn = 0.35%, and Al = balance). Ca, with an obvious decrease in particle size observed. From the images, we can conclude that at a low cooling rate, Ca can reduce the size of the β-AlFeSi phase, and the best addition of Ca content is around 0.1 wt.%.

**Figure 2.** Microstructure of the A380 alloy with different Ca additions at 0.05 °C/s cooling rate: (**a**) 0.01 wt.%; (**b**) 0.05 wt.%; (**c**) 0.1 wt.%; (**d**) 0.3 wt.%. **Figure 2.** Microstructure of the A380 alloy with different Ca additions at 0.05 ◦C/s cooling rate: (**a**) 0.01 wt.%; (**b**) 0.05 wt.%; (**c**) 0.1 wt.%; (**d**) 0.3 wt.%.

Figure 3 shows the microstructure of the A380 alloy with different Ca additions at 5

(a) With an increase in Ca, the β-AlFeSi phase was transformed into an α-AlFeSi phase. No evident variations were observed in the A380–0.01 Ca specimen (Figure 3a), whereas a noticeable decrease in the β-AlFeSi phase in the A380–0.05 Ca specimen was identified (Figure 3b). When the Ca level was higher than 0.05 wt.%, the β-AlFeSi phase was entirely transformed into the α-AlFeSi phase. (b) When the Ca level was 0.1 wt.%, a polygon-

3.2.2. Moderate Cooling Rates

shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase formed (Figure 3c), while some needle-shaped Al2CaSi2 were observed when the Ca addition level was up to 0.3 wt.%, which was detrimental to the performance of the alloy (Figure 3d). Thus, at a 5 °C/s cooling rate, 0.05 wt.% Ca addition is

**Figure 3.** Microstructure of A380 alloy with different Ca additions at 5 °C/s cooling rate: (**a**) 0.01 wt.%; (**b**) 0.05 wt.%; (**c**) 0.1 wt.%; (**d**) 0.3 wt.%. **Figure 3.** Microstructure of A380 alloy with different Ca additions at 5 ◦C/s cooling rate: (**a**) 0.01 wt.%; (**b**) 0.05 wt.%; (**c**) 0.1 wt.%; (**d**) 0.3 wt.%.

#### 3.2.3. High Cooling Rates 3.2.3. High Cooling Rates

**4. Discussion**

the optimal content.

When the cooling rate was increased even further to 50 *°*C/s, the AlFeSi phase was further refined under the influence of both the high cooling rates and Ca addition. Figure When the cooling rate was increased even further to 50 ◦C/s, the AlFeSi phase was further refined under the influence of both the high cooling rates and Ca addition. Figure 4 shows the microstructure of the A380 alloy with diverse Ca levels at 50 ◦C/s. When Ca additions ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 wt.%, no large blocks of α-AlFeSi and β-AlFeSi phases were found. Ca further modified the eutectic Si, and the morphology of the eutectic Si changed from a platelet morphology to a coral-like morphology. Thus, 0.01–0.05 wt.% Ca addition is enough for A380 alloy at a 50 ◦C/s cooling rate. (**c**) (**d**) **Figure 3.** Microstructure of A380 alloy with different Ca additions at 5 °C/s cooling rate: (**a**) 0.01 wt.%; (**b**) 0.05 wt.%; (**c**) 0.1 wt.%; (**d**) 0.3 wt.%. 3.2.3. High Cooling Rates When the cooling rate was increased even further to 50 *°*C/s, the AlFeSi phase was further refined under the influence of both the high cooling rates and Ca addition. Figure

**Figure 4.** Microstructure of A380 alloy with different Ca additions at 50 °C/s cooling: (**a**) 0.05 wt.%; (**b**) 0.1 wt.%. **Figure 4.** Microstructure of A380 alloy with different Ca additions at 50 ◦C/s cooling: (**a**) 0.05 wt.%; (**b**) 0.1 wt.%.

#### **4. Discussion** which coincided with the fragmentation theory. Nevertheless, when the Ca level reached

ence of Ca [18].

#### *4.1. The Refinement Effect of Ca on the AlFeSi Phase* 0.1 wt.%, more α-AlFeSi was generated, and no evident β-AlFeSi was identified. Such a phenomenon cannot be sufficiently explained by the fragmentation theory but is possible

*4.1. The Refinement Effect of Ca on the AlFeSi Phase*

*Processes* **2022**, *10*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 10

There have been several studies on the mechanism of Ca in the AlFeSi phase. Kumari stated that the refining role of Ca in the β-AlFeSi phase was induced by the fragmented β-platelets. With the addition of Ca, he argued that the greater diffusion coefficient of Si relative to Fe could cause fragmentation of the β-AlFeSi-phase platelets due to the presence of Ca [18]. based on the nucleation theory. Our team discovered that the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase was related to α-AlFeSi. We identified that polygon-sized α-AlFeSi were nucleated from the polygonsize Al2CaSi2, and α-AlFeSi entirely wrapped the Al2CaSi2 nucleating center, which was reported in our previous work (Figure 5a) [21]. In addition, the needle-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase spread across the dendrites, which acted as the primary phase to generate α-AlFeSi

There have been several studies on the mechanism of Ca in the AlFeSi phase. Kumari stated that the refining role of Ca in the β-AlFeSi phase was induced by the fragmented β-platelets. With the addition of Ca, he argued that the greater diffusion coefficient of Si relative to Fe could cause fragmentation of the β-AlFeSi-phase platelets due to the pres-

Low levels of Ca were associated with reductions in the particle size of β-AlFeSi,

Low levels of Ca were associated with reductions in the particle size of β-AlFeSi, which coincided with the fragmentation theory. Nevertheless, when the Ca level reached 0.1 wt.%, more α-AlFeSi was generated, and no evident β-AlFeSi was identified. Such a phenomenon cannot be sufficiently explained by the fragmentation theory but is possible based on the nucleation theory. Our team discovered that the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase was related to α-AlFeSi. We identified that polygon-sized α-AlFeSi were nucleated from the polygonsize Al2CaSi2, and α-AlFeSi entirely wrapped the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> nucleating center, which was reported in our previous work (Figure 5a) [21]. In addition, the needle-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase spread across the dendrites, which acted as the primary phase to generate α-AlFeSi (Figure 5b). Although in the calculated phase diagram of Figure 1, primary α-AlFeSi and β-AlFeSi formed prior to Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> during the cooling process, secondary α-AlFeSi grew from the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase and consumed the iron during the transformation of primary β-AlFeSi to secondary α-AlFeSi. Thus, the function of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> can reduce the amount of β-AlFeSi and reduce the size of β-AlFeSi. Additionally, the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase was capable of nucleating other phases, such as Si and Al2Cu. (Figure 5b). Although in the calculated phase diagram of Figure 1, primary α-AlFeSi and β-AlFeSi formed prior to Al2CaSi2 during the cooling process, secondary α-AlFeSi grew from the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase and consumed the iron during the transformation of primary β-AlFeSi to secondary α-AlFeSi. Thus, the function of Al2CaSi2 can reduce the amount of β-AlFeSi and reduce the size of β-AlFeSi. Additionally, the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase was capable of nucleating other phases, such as Si and Al2Cu. Intriguingly, we also discovered that β-AlFeSi could be thoroughly refined by Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> at a high cooling rate (50 °C/s). The reason for this can be attributed to two factors: First, it is common knowledge that increasing cooling rates can both decrease the size of the AlFeSi phase and prompt the conversion of β-AlFeSi into α-AlFeSi. The β-AlFeSi is a stable phase that can be generated at slow cooling rates, while α-AlFeSi is a metastable phase. Second, in the equilibrium situation, the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase was generated subsequent to the formation of the primary AlFeSi phase. The high cooling rate postponed the forming temperature of the AlFeSi phase, whereas it played no role in the formation of the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase. Thereby, the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase could form first and directly nucleate α-AlFeSi.

**Figure 5.** Relations of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> and α-AlFeSi: (**a**) SEM images showing nucleation of α-AlFeSi from polygon-shaped Al2CaSi2, retrieved from [21]; (**b**) SEM images showing nucleation of α-AlFeSi from needle-shaped Al2CaSi2. **Figure 5.** Relations of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> and α-AlFeSi: (**a**) SEM images showing nucleation of α-AlFeSi from polygon-shaped Al2CaSi2, retrieved from [21]; (**b**) SEM images showing nucleation of α-AlFeSi from needle-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> .

Another way to determine the validity of the nucleating AlFeSi phase in the nucleation substrate is to compute the planar disregistry δ. As aforementioned, this is the only way of realizing the calculation in a quantitative way. Hence, it was utilized as the main computation for the possible nucleation potential and was used to assess the experiment outcomes; δ has been described in [22] as: Intriguingly, we also discovered that β-AlFeSi could be thoroughly refined by Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> at a high cooling rate (50 ◦C/s). The reason for this can be attributed to two factors: First, it is common knowledge that increasing cooling rates can both decrease the size of the AlFeSi phase and prompt the conversion of β-AlFeSi into α-AlFeSi. The β-AlFeSi is a stable phase that can be generated at slow cooling rates, while α-AlFeSi is a metastable phase. Second, in the equilibrium situation, the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase was generated subsequent to the formation of the primary AlFeSi phase. The high cooling rate postponed the forming temperature of the AlFeSi phase, whereas it played no role in the formation of the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase. Thereby, the Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> phase could form first and directly nucleate α-AlFeSi.

Another way to determine the validity of the nucleating AlFeSi phase in the nucleation substrate is to compute the planar disregistry δ. As aforementioned, this is the only way of realizing the calculation in a quantitative way. Hence, it was utilized as the main computation for the possible nucleation potential and was used to assess the experiment outcomes; δ has been described in [22] as:

$$\delta\_{\text{(hkl)}\_{\text{n}}}^{\text{(hkl)}\_{\text{s}}} = \sum\_{\text{i}=1}^{\text{i}=3} \frac{\left| \frac{\mathbf{d}\_{\text{(uvw)}\_{\text{s}}} \cos \theta - \mathbf{d}\_{\text{(uvw)}\_{\text{n}}}}{\mathbf{d}\_{\text{(uvw)}\_{\text{n}}}} \right|}{\mathbf{3}} \times 100 \tag{2}$$

where (hkl)<sup>s</sup> is the low-index plane of the substrate, (uvw)<sup>s</sup> is the low-index orientation in (hkl)<sup>s</sup> , (hkl)<sup>n</sup> is the low-index plane of the nucleated solid, (uvw)<sup>n</sup> is the low-index orientation in (hkl)<sup>n</sup> , d(uvw)<sup>n</sup> is the interatomic spacing along (uvw)<sup>n</sup> , d(uvw)<sup>s</sup> is the interatomic spacing along (uvw)<sup>s</sup> , and θ is an angle between (uvw)<sup>s</sup> . The crystalline structure of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> is hexagonal, with lattice parameters of a = 0.4130 nm and c = 0.7145 nm. The crystal structure of α-AlFeSi is cubic, with the parameters of a = 1.26 nm. Therefore, in Equation (2), s is for Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> and n is for α-AlFeSi, and all the parameters above can be calculated. Campbell [23] hypothesized that the electronic contribution to the interfacial energy was beneficial when δ was below 12%. Table 3 presents the outcomes computed in this study for δ, which show that Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> is a satisfactory nucleation substrate of α-AlFeSi, hence, revealing how Ca is capable of modifying β-AlFeSi.

**Table 3.** Planar disregistries between α-Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> and α-AlFeSi. s is for Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> and n is for α-AlFeSi.


#### *4.2. Ca Refinement Effect on Si*

Although Al–Si alloy modification is usually realized via adding Na and Sr, Ca is also utilized as a modifier. From the experimental outcomes, we could clearly observe that the morphology of the eutectic structure of silicon changed from a coarse plate-like morphology to a coral or fibrous shape. There are several reports that Al–Si alloy modification could be achieved via adding Ca, and the duration times were longer than those for Sr and Mn addition.

There are several explanations for the refinement mechanism of Ca on eutectic silicon. The reason for the modification effect of Ca on those alloys was the destructive effects of active impurity particulates, which served as the nucleation center of eutectic Si in an unmodified alloy. Thus, greater undercooling was introduced, which induced the formation of a significant number of solidification centers of Si, refining the eutectic silicon. Ca can also be adsorbed on the small crystals of eutectic Si to slow down their growth [24].

Another explanation is impurity-induced twinning. The addition of elements into molten alloys that contain Si can facilitate a transition of the morphology of the Si phase via the formation of growth twins. A modifier of an appropriate atom size (with respect to Si (rmodifier/rsilicon = 1.646), upon incorporation into the molten alloy, can accumulate adequately via inducing growth twins for Si 3D growth. The radius ratio reported for Ca is 1.68, very close to 1.646 [25].

In our study, Ca introduced greater undercooling, which could spontaneously increase the formation of nucleation centers of Si. In addition, a growth twin was created with the absorbed Ca on the liquid/solid interface of Si, contributing to the modification of the Al–Si alloy upon Ca addition.

Moreover, higher cooling rates facilitated further refinement, whereas it could be clearly seen that the high cooling rate was responsible for refinement rather than modification by merely introducing additional Si nucleation centers.

It has also been previously reported that Ca could facilitate the formation of primary Al2CaSi2, which could serve as the nucleation substrate of primary Si [25]. Hence, we can conclude that both Ca and Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> can refine eutectic silicon.

#### *4.3. Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> Morphology*

As shown in the SEM images in Figure 5, two morphologies of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> were formed in our experiment. The first was polygon-shaped, which could be observed at low cooling rates. The second was needle-shaped, which could be observed at high cooling rates. The reason for this is that the crystalline structure of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> is hexagonal, with the lattice parameters of a = 0.4130 nm and c = 0.7145 nm. Therefore, at low cooling rates, growth occurred in a 3D manner, whereas at high cooling rates, there was no time for c-axle growth, and hence, growth proceeded in a 2D manner. Nevertheless, in both cases, they can serve as a nucleation substrate for α-AlFeSi. Hence, it can reduce the fraction of β-AlFeSi. *Processes* **2022**, *10*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 10 As shown in the SEM images in Figure 5, two morphologies of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> were formed in our experiment. The first was polygon-shaped, which could be observed at low cooling rates. The second was needle-shaped, which could be observed at high cooling rates. The reason for this is that the crystalline structure of Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> is hexagonal, with the lattice parameters of a = 0.4130 nm and c = 0.7145 nm. Therefore, at low cooling rates, growth occurred in a 3D manner, whereas at high cooling rates, there was no time for c-axle growth, and hence, growth proceeded in a 2D manner. Nevertheless, in both cases, they

In summary, the scheme of the relation of nucleation by polygon- and needle-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> is shown in Figure 6. In Figure 6a, polygon-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> can serve as the nucleate center of secondary α-AlFeSi, and the formed α-AlFeSi entirely trapped the polygon-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> nucleate center. In Figure 6b, needle-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> can serve as a dendrite nucleate origin of secondary α-AlFeSi, ball shape Al2Cu, and particulate silicon. All three phases grow outside of the needle-shaped Al2CaSi2. can serve as a nucleation substrate for α-AlFeSi. Hence, it can reduce the fraction of β-AlFeSi. In summary, the scheme of the relation of nucleation by polygon- and needle-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> is shown in Figure 6. In Figure 6a, polygon-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> can serve as the nucleate center of secondary α-AlFeSi, and the formed α-AlFeSi entirely trapped the polygon-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> nucleate center. In Figure 6b, needle-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> can serve as a dendrite nucleate origin of secondary α-AlFeSi, ball shape Al2Cu, and particulate silicon.

All three phases grow outside of the needle-shaped Al2CaSi2.

**Figure 6.** Relation of nucleation by (**a**) polygon- and (**b**) needle-shaped Al2CaSi2. **Figure 6.** Relation of nucleation by (**a**) polygon- and (**b**) needle-shaped Al2CaSi<sup>2</sup> .

#### **5. Conclusions** (1) Ca can accelerate the fragmentation of the β-AlFeSi phase and introduce Al2CaSi2, **5. Conclusions**

version of the manuscript.


**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.W. and Y.G.; methodology, M.W.; experiment, M.W.; validation, S.Z. and H.W.; writing—original draft preparation, M.W.; writing—review and editing, M.W.; funding acquisition, M.W., H.W. and S.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Post-Doctoral Later-Stage Foundation Project of Shenzhen Polytechnic (6020271008K), the Young Innovative Talents Project of General Colleges and Universities in Guangdong Province (2019GKQNCX127), the Shenzhen Science and Technology Project (JCYJ20190809150001747), and the Key Project of Shenzhen Polytechnic (6020310007K).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**

