**2. System Studied**

Most of the people living in apartments are used to charge the EVs at PL located in the office or shopping complex, etc. [61]. The EV user tries to charge their vehicle in the PL during the parking time. So, the EVs are recharged when the user is engaged with other work. This work assumes that the EV's demand is to charge the battery to its full capacity. With the available information, the PL operator can utilize the developed charging scheme to develop an optimal scheduling to minimize the charging cost. So, based on the charger limits, the number of EV charging requests can be accepted. The charging limit is set to 61.5 kWh (a 30 kWh, 20 kWh, and 11.5 kWh charger).

The primary constraint that limits the number of EVs charging in a PL is the charging capacity. Furthermore, 20 EVs with different capacities and demand levels are considered for the scheduling, as shown in Table 1. The parking time of EVs is given in Table 2. The grid cost considered from the European Power Exchange (EPEX) spot is given in Table 3 [62].



**Table 2.** EV parking profile.


### **Table 3.** Dynamic price tariff.


In this work, a PL equipped with a microgrid (MG) is considered, as in [63]. A microturbine, five PV units, and a wind turbine are considered in the MG. The power generation limits of the renewable sources are shown in Table 4, and the cost coefficients are given in Table 5. The charging of EVs from the grid or the MG depends on the electricity price.


**Table 4.** Power limits of the distributed generation (DG) sources.



The 24 h microgrid power price is calculated from the renewable sources' cost coefficients given in Table 5, and the microgrid price shown in Table 6. The MG power price is lower than the grid power price for all 8 slots. However, the EV discharging scheme such as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is not considered in this work. In many research works, common types of EV with the same battery capacity are considered. Also, the demand for EVs is minimum. In this work, EVs' different capacities with different EV demand and multiple charging slots are considered. The problem formulation for the scheduling is given in Section 3.

**Table 6.** Microgrid price.

