**5. Simulation and Experimental Results**

The IPT parameters obtained in Table 1 were used to simulate the whole system on LTspice. The magnetic coupling (*k*) between *L<sup>P</sup>* and *LS*, and the equivalent load, are defined as variables in the simulation model of the whole system. *k* is determined from Equation (13) for the fully aligned coil pair. In order to accurately model and observe the system response, the open-loop response of the wireless charging system was first examined. Then, the developed controller performance was observed. The load parameter in the simulation was changed at 100 ms, 180 ms, and 240 ms of the simulation, considering the load stages used in the experimental study. *Energies* **2022**, *15*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16 The IPT parameters obtained in Table 1 were used to simulate the whole system on LTspice. The magnetic coupling ሺሻ between and ௌ, and the equivalent load, are defined as variables in the simulation model of the whole system. is determined from Equation (13) for the fully aligned coil pair. In order to accurately model and observe the system response, the open‐loop response of the wireless charging system was first ex‐

$$k = \frac{M}{\sqrt{L\_P L\_S}}\tag{13}$$

The experimental studies were carried out on a multi-stage and programmable load group to observe the response of the controller algorithm since the charging time of the batteries took a long time. Figure 6 shows this load group and the designed IPT system in full alignment. Experimental measurements were made at the 100 mm distance using the fully aligned coil pair. ඥௌ (13) The experimental studies were carried out on a multi‐stage and programmable load group to observe the response of the controller algorithm since the charging time of the batteries took a long time. Figure 6 shows this load group and the designed IPT system in full alignment. Experimental measurements were made at the 100 mm distance using the fully aligned coil pair.

amined. Then, the developed controller performance was observed. The load parameter

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**Figure 6.** Experimental setup of the primary‐side controlled IPT. **Figure 6.** Experimental setup of the primary-side controlled IPT.

*5.1. Open Loop System Response*

ulation results also coincide with the experimental results (Figure 7c,d).

While switching from CC mode to CV mode, voltage is 44 V and current is 2.5

tudes to be used in the simulation were selected by considering the nominal values of the resistors used in the experimental study. Accordingly, was set to 8.5 Ω, 10.5 Ω, and 14 Ω, respectively, to examine the CC mode. In this mode, ி was kept constant at 60 V. According to the experimental results, as the equivalent resistance increases, the load voltage also increases (Figure 7a). The load current is not affected by the load change as a general response of the SS topology (Figure 7b). and seen in the sim‐
