*4.4. Technology*

The section discusses the views of those stakeholders with a background in the development of the underlying technology, especially stakeholders who would have a future role in supplying DWPT solutions into the marketplace.

*Stakeholder Communities:* Effective communication between different stakeholders, including road and grid operators, utility providers, transport authorities and local governments, is crucial for the smooth operation of the DWPT infrastructure. The development of tailored technological solutions such as an in-vehicle interface to commence and end charging, over-the-air software or firmware updates, and smart payment systems are essential for a better user experience.

*Product Standards:* The requirement for standards specifically designed to address technical and safety aspects of DWPT methods are vital for the successful commercialisation of the technology. Any potential health and safety concerns related to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues associated with the technology must be addressed. For example, "*leakage of magnetic fields must not interfere with a person's health monitoring devices*", like pacemakers. Similarly, the magnetic field generated by the system "*must not interact with communications devices*" used by emergency teams, maintenance teams and any other local key infrastructures such as airports. It is also important that when a vehicle passes over a specific segment, only that segment is activated and transmit energy to the receiver on that vehicle to avoid any risk to other nearby motorists and pedestrians using the roadway. This suggests a need for the "*development of a detailed safety case*" covering all risks, hazards and mitigation plans before deployment of the solution.

*Performance Improvements:* The power transfer efficiency of the system is affected by an air gap and lateral misalignment between the transmitters and receivers. It was noted that information and communication-based technology "*may be required to inform the driver to make the necessary correction*" to improve the coupling efficiency.

*Performance Management:* The connection of a large number of electric vehicles that arrive at different times and travel at different speeds can create varying power demand patterns upon the grid, raising power quality issues such as the injection of harmonic currents. To mitigate this, "*appropriate roadside power electronics are necessary*". Moreover, DWCS may further load the grid during its peak demand period if it coincides with the charging facility's peak usage period. Therefore, "*future planning of the grid power supply is necessary*". Furthermore, the impact of the DWCS on the local traffic pattern should be thoroughly evaluated.
