**7. Conclusions**

In response to policy commitments, there is a requirement to electrify road transport. It is also recognised that road transport is a complex system requiring a range of solutions that include improvement at the vehicle level and innovation in charging infrastructure. One potential innovation is electric road systems (ERS), and specifically, dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) due to its wider market appeal relative to alternatives. Implementation of ERS requires that the challenges are identified in order that appropriate solutions can be implemented. One issue is that current techno-centric approaches do not properly consider the complex relationships between organisations, the people enacting business processes and the system that supports these processes.

This research was the first activity to focus on identifying the challenges for DWPT considering the political, economic, societal and technology perspectives and in a UK context. The research successfully brought together 38 key stakeholders and generated over 8 h of key discussion. A taxonomy of externalities—the factors that impact negatively or positively—relevant to DWPT in the UK context was generated. The taxonomy classified the externalities/factors into six categories.


The definition of the factors within each category will determine if a charge event occurs and the amount of energy transferred. There will be a clear logical flow, i.e., the condition of the vehicle will be the entry point, the journey will define a need, the economics will define the choice, the infrastructure will define the energy available, the behaviour will modify that energy transfer within limits defined by the traffic. The taxonomy and logic flow will allow for creation of a systems model that will inform the decision-making process of rolling out the DWPT system. The results of this research are supported by the existing literature in this area and form the basis for decision-making when implementing DWPT as part of the wider UK electric vehicle charging infrastructure and hence support the ambition to electrify all road transport. Combined with the factors reported in this study, real-world testing will identify additional parameters that will allow the successful implementation of the DWPT system.

**Author Contributions:** Formal analysis: K.E., S.G. and H.D., conceptualisation: K.E., H.D. and S.G., methodology: K.E., H.D., S.G. and S.B., data curation: K.E., S.G. and H.D., validation: K.E., S.G. and H.D., resources: H.D. and S.B.; writing—original draft preparation: K.E., S.G. and H.D.; writing—review and editing: K.E., S.G., H.D., S.B. and A.J., supervision: H.D. and S.B., project administration: H.D.; funding acquisition: H.D. and S.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The stakeholder event was held as part of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer, a feasibility study project, led by Coventry City Council and project partners on behalf of Western Power Distribution (WPD) using Network Innovation Allowance (NIA) funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted in accordance with Coventry University's Ethical Approval process.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
