**6. Conclusions**

Figure 10b.

**6. Conclusions** A wireless charging system, which uses a dual‐stage configuration and is supplied from a 230 V AC grid, was designed for charging the 36 V battery bank of an e‐bike in this study. An optimum IPT for wireless charging was developed using the dimensions and components obtained in the analytical design. Developed in the SS resonance topology, the current on the primary side of the IPT can reach dangerous values if the charge is in CV mode, the secondary side is open circuit, or in the condition of large misalignment. A forward converter operating in PCM mode limits the current on the primary side. The response of the forward converter was simulated by open‐ and closed‐loop control with LTspice and experimentally verified. Accordingly, the experimental efficiency of the whole system was calculated for full alignment and 3 cm misalignment. The maximum WCS efficiency was 87.52% in the perfectly aligned condition, whereas the maximum ef‐ A wireless charging system, which uses a dual-stage configuration and is supplied from a 230 V AC grid, was designed for charging the 36 V battery bank of an e-bike in this study. An optimum IPT for wireless charging was developed using the dimensions and components obtained in the analytical design. Developed in the SS resonance topology, the current on the primary side of the IPT can reach dangerous values if the charge is in CV mode, the secondary side is open circuit, or in the condition of large misalignment. A forward converter operating in PCM mode limits the current on the primary side. The response of the forward converter was simulated by open- and closed-loop control with LTspice and experimentally verified. Accordingly, the experimental efficiency of the whole system was calculated for full alignment and 3 cm misalignment. The maximum WCS efficiency was 87.52% in the perfectly aligned condition, whereas the maximum efficiency in the 3 cm misalignment was 83.63%. According to the simulation results, these efficiencies are 90.45% and 87.81%, respectively. In addition, the response of the control algorithm was experimentally validated in open-circuit and large misalignments. Accordingly, the

developed wireless charging system continues to transmit power under constant load at up to 25% misalignment. In cases of greater misalignment and open circuit, it shuts itself off.

The primary-side controlled WCS proposed in this paper can be used in e-vehicles with similar power and voltage levels using other compensation topologies that are derivatives of the SS topology.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, E.Y. and M.B.; methodology, E.Y. and M.B.; software, M.B.; validation, M.B.; formal analysis, E.Y.; investigation, E.Y.; resources, E.Y. and M.B.; data curation, M.B.; writing—original draft preparation, E.Y.; writing—review and editing, E.Y.; visualization, E.Y. and M.B.; supervision, E.Y.; project administration, E.Y.; funding acquisition, M.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research and the APC were funded by [Farba Automotive].

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
