2.1.4. Basket Weave [2/2, 4/4]

Basket weave is known also as Hopsack and Matt Weave. Hopsack weave, a variant of plain weave, uses two or more warp and/or two or more weft fibers joined as a single thread. This weave is obtained by doubling or repeating the combined points of a plain weave in both the direction of the wrap and weft. These fabrics are made of two or more strings placed in the same shed. The stitching pattern is similar to a plain weave, but two or more strands follow the same parallel pattern. Fabrics designed by Matt are flexible and cannot wrinkle as there are a few cutters that are a square inch. Fabrics look flatter than conventional weaving fabrics. However, longer floats are more flexible. Matt fabric has great anti-tear properties. Matt's design tends to offer more smooth fabrics. For a repetitive Matt weave size, the warp numbers and weft threads are equal. **Figure 7.** Basket weave fabric.

*Textiles* **2022**, *2*, FOR PEER REVIEW 8

#### 2.1.5. 2D Fabric Hybrid Composites 2.1.5. 2D Fabric Hybrid Composites

Hybrid yarns are where two or more fibers are brought together to combine the performance and aesthetic of both, as shown in Figure 8. Although environmental concerns are encouraging many manufacturers to focus on the use of a single fiber, there are still and will remain reasons for bringing fibers with different qualities together, particularly for performance and health and safety applications. Hybrid yarns are where two or more fibers are brought together to combine the performance and aesthetic of both, as shown in Figure 8. Although environmental concerns are encouraging many manufacturers to focus on the use of a single fiber, there are still and will remain reasons for bringing fibers with different qualities together, particularly for performance and health and safety applications.

**Figure 8.** Hybrid composites.

#### *2.2. Interlock Composite 2.5D*

The 2.5D, or so-called 3D, interlock composite is a special fabric combination in which mechanical properties are closely related to its structure. The geometry of the interlock is complex and the number of possible structures is infinite. Fabric architecture depends on the extraction, crimp, and size of the fiber fibers. It is made up of a system of two woven and interconnected yarns, straight yarns, and weft (or filling) yarns. Interlacing caused by bending is called "tow crimp".

The shapes in the "puzzle" represent the filler element and the bounder (interlock fiber) of the structure, as shown in the figure below (Figure 9), in 2D view.


fiber) of the structure, as shown in the figure below (Figure 9), in 2D view.

fiber) of the structure, as shown in the figure below (Figure 9), in 2D view.

lacing caused by bending is called "tow crimp".

lacing caused by bending is called "tow crimp".

*Textiles* **2022**, *2*, FOR PEER REVIEW 9

*Textiles* **2022**, *2*, FOR PEER REVIEW 9

**Figure 8.** Hybrid composites.

**Figure 8.** Hybrid composites.

*2.2. Interlock Composite 2.5D* 

*2.2. Interlock Composite 2.5D* 

**Figure 9.** Shapes of the puzzle: Shape 1: the filler element; Shape 2: upper change in direction (horizontal); Shape 3: the reflected interlock; Shape 4: the incident interlock; Shape 5: lower change in direction (horizontal). **Figure 9.** Shapes of the puzzle: Shape 1: the filler element; Shape 2: upper change in direction (horizontal); Shape 3: the reflected interlock; Shape 4: the incident interlock; Shape 5: lower change in direction (horizontal). in direction (horizontal). 2.5D angle closing fabrics can be divided into two types: thick fabrics and fabrics from layer to layer. This type of combination is characterized by its intricate structure.

The 2.5D, or so-called 3D, interlock composite is a special fabric combination in which mechanical properties are closely related to its structure. The geometry of the interlock is complex and the number of possible structures is infinite. Fabric architecture depends on the extraction, crimp, and size of the fiber fibers. It is made up of a system of two woven and interconnected yarns, straight yarns, and weft (or filling) yarns. Inter-

The 2.5D, or so-called 3D, interlock composite is a special fabric combination in which mechanical properties are closely related to its structure. The geometry of the interlock is complex and the number of possible structures is infinite. Fabric architecture depends on the extraction, crimp, and size of the fiber fibers. It is made up of a system of two woven and interconnected yarns, straight yarns, and weft (or filling) yarns. Inter-

The shapes in the "puzzle" represent the filler element and the bounder (interlock

The shapes in the "puzzle" represent the filler element and the bounder (interlock

2.5D angle closing fabrics can be divided into two types: thick fabrics and fabrics from layer to layer. This type of combination is characterized by its intricate structure. The cell unit consists of a warp weaver and weft fibers attached to 90° plane (xy) (Figures 10 and 11). A 2.5D angle woven joint includes warp that binds to warp straight cords by attaching warp threads. Warp wires can be tied to different depths where different layout arrangements could be used to produce a wide range of these types of compounds. Tight fabric is a multi-layered fabric where warp weavers move from one piece of fabric to another, holding all the layers together. The layer-to-layer fabric as shown in Figure 10 is a multi-layer fabric that the warp weavers move from one layer to the nearest layer and back. A collection of warp woven together holds all the layers of fabric. In addition, complex geometry as shown in Figure 11, fractional volume fraction, cable volume, and inclination angle of warp strands are not able to allow the structural properties of specific applications. In other words, designers can replicate the efficient performance of fabrics 2.5D angle closing fabrics can be divided into two types: thick fabrics and fabrics from layer to layer. This type of combination is characterized by its intricate structure. The cell unit consists of a warp weaver and weft fibers attached to 90◦ plane (xy) (Figures 10 and 11). A 2.5D angle woven joint includes warp that binds to warp straight cords by attaching warp threads. Warp wires can be tied to different depths where different layout arrangements could be used to produce a wide range of these types of compounds. Tight fabric is a multi-layered fabric where warp weavers move from one piece of fabric to another, holding all the layers together. The layer-to-layer fabric as shown in Figure 10 is a multi-layer fabric that the warp weavers move from one layer to the nearest layer and back. A collection of warp woven together holds all the layers of fabric. In addition, complex geometry as shown in Figure 11, fractional volume fraction, cable volume, and inclination angle of warp strands are not able to allow the structural properties of specific applications. In other words, designers can replicate the efficient performance of fabrics for the necessary mechanical properties. The cell unit consists of a warp weaver and weft fibers attached to 90° plane (xy) (Figures 10 and 11). A 2.5D angle woven joint includes warp that binds to warp straight cords by attaching warp threads. Warp wires can be tied to different depths where different layout arrangements could be used to produce a wide range of these types of compounds. Tight fabric is a multi-layered fabric where warp weavers move from one piece of fabric to another, holding all the layers together. The layer-to-layer fabric as shown in Figure 10 is a multi-layer fabric that the warp weavers move from one layer to the nearest layer and back. A collection of warp woven together holds all the layers of fabric. In addition, complex geometry as shown in Figure 11, fractional volume fraction, cable volume, and inclination angle of warp strands are not able to allow the structural properties of specific applications. In other words, designers can replicate the efficient performance of fabrics for the necessary mechanical properties. 1 Layer to Layer Angle Interlock

**Figure 10. Figure 10.** Layer to layer angle interlock. Layer to layer angle interlock.

*2.3. Construction Testing* 


**Figure 12.** Validation tests.

code created by the author.

These tests obtained by logical geometrical construction of the 2.5D interlock structure are as constrains that define whether the design (structure) from the user is valid–

As named, the function of the tests are to check if there is a continuity of structure

Note that all these conditions/boundaries are tested automatically by the JavaScript

Moreover, if there is any structural mistake made by the designer (user) the code

will identify the mistake with the relation of the mentioned tests. In addition, the code

and if there is a possibility to add a shape in the puzzle as shown in Figure 12. For example, Shape 3 cannot be similar to Shape 2's incident and reflected interlock at the same time. The puzzle should be symmetrical if the user is constructing a symmetrical shape. If not, the test to check symmetry can be deactivated. Shapes 2, 3, and 4 cannot be repeated vertically. Shapes 2 and 4 cannot be repeated horizontally. Shapes 2 and 4 should be separated only by Shape 3. Shape 3 cannot follow Shape 1 or 2. At least one instance of Shape 1 should separate Shapes 2 and 4 horizontally. In addition, there are other struc-

tural and geometrical conditions and boundaries related to the shape.

**Figure 11.** Through the thickness angle interlock . **Figure 11.** Through the thickness angle interlock.

suggested by the user. These tests are:


applicable—as shown in Figure 10.

1 Layer to Layer Angle Interlock - Follow up test.

*2.3. Construction Testing* 

2 Through the Thickness Angle Interlock - Pattern test.

suggested by the user. These tests are:
