*Article* **Characterizing Steam Penetration through Thermal Protective Fabric Materials**

**Sumit Mandal 1,\* and Guowen Song <sup>2</sup>**


**\*** Correspondence: sumit.mandal@okstate.edu

**Abstract:** This study performs an analysis of steam penetration through thermal protective fabric materials. Different, multilayered thermal protective fabrics were selected and tested in a laboratorysimulated steam exposure, and their steam protective performance (SPP) was measured in terms of the time required to generate second-degree burns on the bodies of wearers. Additionally, the total transmitted thermal energy (TTTE) through the fabrics during testing was measured. Through statistical analysis, it was established that fabric properties, namely air permeability and thickness, are the key factors that affect the SPP and TTTE; the relationship among the fabric properties, SPP, and TTTE is also summarized. Theoretically, it has been found that heat and mass (steam) transfer occur through fabrics in the course of steam exposure, which mainly affect the SPP and TTTE. This study could help textile/materials engineers to develop high performance thermal protective fabrics for the increased occupational health and safety of firefighters and industrial workers.

**Keywords:** thermal protective fabrics; steam exposure; fabric properties; heat and mass transfer; burn injuries
