**8. Discussion**

Nowadays , there are several models for studying, predicting, and analyzing the power losses in the ferromagnetic cores of magnetic components. Usually, these models consider a series of parameters based on magnetic units and frequency to predict and calculate power losses. Figure 9 illustrates a comparison between core losses models depending several features.

**Figure 9.** Power core losses models' comparison depending on the size of the phenomena analyzed, kind of losses to calculate and ferromagnetic materials. Features of mathematical models, timedomain approximations, loss separation, and empirical methods are in color yellow, blue, pink, and purple, respectively.

Nevertheless, one main application of magnetic components is in power electronics, where the measurement units are electric, which in many cases cause inexactness while designing a magnetic element. A common idea in the literature is that in a magnetic component with high operating frequency, its losses and size will be lower; however, this is not always true. There are many factors involved (kind of material, core losses, copper losses, among others) to determine the integrity of this expression. Although the last years' power electronic researchers have been working hard to find and develop numerous techniques to achieve better performance from magnetic components, the way is still long. For instance, the future design of magnetic components should take advantage of all capabilities of the final application (support multiple input/outputs, multiple voltage/current domains, characterization of the material, losses' reduction, among others), with the option to work in parallel with switches at high frequency [12,176].

On the other hand, the industry of FEM software is more versatile each year; several applications and tools are added to these, improving accuracy, functionality, scenarios to apply it, and user friendly environments. Nonetheless, a common point is a lack of compatibility among those, limiting the use of platforms to validate and complement the final design. This lack of compatibility motivates users to know different packages to solve a unique problem.

This is translated into a monetary cost to purchase different licenses and increase computer resources. Therefore, to motivate and improve the FEM designs, in this authors opinion, a standard format type should be implemented in the following years between those kinds of software to take advantage of each characteristic and unify all FEM files.

In the literature, static or dynamic core losses models can be found, depending on the designer choice, the loses calculus could be as complex as the model chosen [177]. So, the model selection in function of the material and the requirements' application of a magnetic component's design process are fundamental to achieving an accurate core losses calculus.

Table 3 illustrates a comparison between power core losses models, ferromagnetic materials, and accuracy. It is essential to mention that ferrite is the start point to validate any power core losses model, so this is not listed. Nonetheless, to the best authors knowledge, not all models had been tested in all ferromagnetic materials, or those are not suitable to calculate their power core losses.

**Table 3.** Comparison between empiric core losses models. The sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveform are indicated with light yellow and light green, respectively.


Designers can use the information mentioned in Table 3 and Figure 9 to improve some of the power core loss models listed before or propose their model, always keeping in mind that any design parameter will be sacrificed to improve another one; magnetic components size will be reduced with frequency increment.

Due to the high energy consumption worldwide, renewable energy sources and energy efficiency have accelerated research in energy applications, conversion, transportation, and telecommunication [178]. Magnetic materials are the key piece of those research fields, mainly for their potential for energy efficiency and their impact on consumption power [179]. Materials' demand as electric steel, iron, and cobalt will be exponential growth for 2026. Studies on the effect of magnetic materials in renewable energy have to be a priority to guarantee the supply chain, options for recycling, the footprint impact, the blueprint impact, and the socio-economical impact of their extraction [180,181].
