*2.5. Determination of Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs)*

AGEs were estimated for all the samples using fluorescence spectroscopy. A dilution factor of 10 was applied to all the samples, and then, the samples incubated were excited at 340 nm, and the emission was recorded from 350 to 500 nm [40]. The inhibitory effect of the ligand on the AGEs formation was calculated by the given Equation (5):

$$\text{Inhibition (\%)}= (F\_{\mathcal{S}} - F\_{\text{f}}/F\_{\mathcal{S}} - F\_{\mathcal{C}}) \times 100\tag{5}$$
