*4.7. Cell Culture and Treatment*

HUVECs were cultured at 37 ◦C in DMEM (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), 1% penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco), and 1% endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS). The culture medium was refreshed every other day unless otherwise stated. The drugs used to treat HUVECs cells were formulated with DMSO, and the amount of DMSO in all cell cultures was required to not exceed 5‰ of the total volume.
