*4.8. CCK-8 Assay*

CCK-8 was used to test the viability of cells after treatment with different concentrations of DGS. The HUVECs were seeded into a 96-well plate at a density of 1 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup><sup>4</sup> cells per well. The microplate was placed in a CO<sup>2</sup> incubator at 37 ◦C for 24 h, after which 10 µL of the CCK-8 solution was added to each well and the plate was incubated for 2 h. The absorbance was measured using an enzyme marker (Spectramax id5) at 450 nm.
