*Article* **Framework for Improving Land Boundary Conditions in Ocean Regional Products**

**Francisco Campuzano 1,2,\*, Flávio Santos 3, Lucian Simionesei 2, Ana R. Oliveira 2, Estrella Olmedo 4, Antonio Turiel 4, Rodrigo Fernandes 5, David Brito 5, Marco Alba 6, Antonio Novellino 6 and Ramiro Neves 2**


**Abstract:** The coupling of coastal or regional ocean models to hydrological models or observed data is currently an uncommon practice in operational oceanography. Though hydrological models are regarded as a powerful and useful tool for estimating the quantity and quality of freshwater running in a watershed, they fail to provide accurate results for river flow reaching the coastal area due to water-management activities occurring within the river catchment, activities such as human consumption, irrigation, storage, etc. For this reason, many coastal and regional ocean models continue to impose surface zero-salinity discharges as land boundary conditions for representing such a dynamic boundary. Moreover, river flows are based in climatologies, thus neglecting seasonal and interannual variability. To achieve those objectives, this study proposes an integrated methodology ranging from watershed models to validation in the coastal area and passing through methods and proxies for integrating the freshwater flows into regional ocean models. The main objective of this study is to explore the results obtained by using more sophisticated land boundary conditions based on the capacities of state-of-the-art hydrologic models combined with observation networks. In addition to the evaluation of the source of river-flow data, this work also explores the use of estuarine proxies based on simple modelling grids. The estuarine proxies enable the incorporation of the mixing processes that take place in estuaries into the land fluxes and obtain the plume momentum. The watershed, estuarine proxies, and ocean were modelled using the MOHID Water modelling system and evaluated in western Iberia waters. The modelling results served to illustrate the sea surface salinity extension of the Western Iberia Buoyant Plume (WIBP) during an extreme event in March 2018.

**Keywords:** freshwater discharges; operational oceanography; sea surface salinity; IBI region; land boundary; estuarine proxy; water continuum; numerical models
