*2.1. Studies on Tourism Expenditure Using the Tobit Model*

In past empirical studies, the Tobit model was the first model to be applied (Tobin 1958) to discuss the phenomenon of zero expenditure. Hong et al. (1996) used consumer expenditure survey data for the United States in 1990 and adopted the Tobit model to discuss the factors influencing accommodation expenditure in relation to family trips. Cai (1999) used consumer expenditure survey data for the United States in 1993 and investigated 3176 households while adopting the Tobit model to discuss the relationship between family characteristics and accommodation expenditure in leisure tourism. In the Tobit model, zero expenditure represents a true corner solution, whereas other possible factors causing zero expenditure are ignored. Other studies on tourism expenditure using the Tobit model include those by Dardis et al. (1994), Lee (2001), and Zheng and Zhang (2013).
