*2.2. Studies on Tourism Expenditure Using the DH Model and the Heckit Model*

A few researchers have also employed the DH model or the Heckit model in studies on tourism expenditure. Weagley and Huh (2004) used the DH model to discuss the factors influencing the leisure expenditures of retired and near-retired households in the United States. Nicolau and Màs (2005) decomposed the tourist choice process into two stages using the Heckit model, namely, taking a holiday and holiday expenditure. They found that the expenditure decision is correlated with that of taking a holiday. Jang and Ham (2009) used the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) and performed Heckman's DH analysis to provide information on the two-step process for making travel consumption decisions. Alegre et al. (2013) examined Spanish household tourism participation and expenditure decisions by adopting a Heckit model. By means of the hurdle model, Bernini and Cracolici (2015) analyzed two stages of the tourist decision process: whether or not to participate in the domestic and overseas tourism markets in Italy and how much to spend. The DH model has also been applied in relation to expenditure on dining out (Jang et al. 2007).
