**2. Control Architectures**

In hybrid energetic systems or MG systems, distributed and hybrid RES generators (e.g., PV (photovoltaic) panels and wind turbines) are used to produce clean energy (e.g., solar, wind), while energy storage systems are installed to compensate the fluctuation between RESs generation and load consumption. These hybrid systems can either operate on grid-connected or standalone modes depending on desired and fixed objectives. However, while the penetration of these distributed generators is continuously growing, new energy management approaches are required for their seamless integration within existing electricity network. Table 1 presents resent literature works concerning the deployment of hybrid systems. As highly stated in Table 1, batteries are the most commonly used devices for energy storage.


**Table 1.** Survey through collection of EM (energy management) for the hybrid MG (Micro-grid) system.

**Table 1.** *Cont.*


Therefore, the deployment of an energy management approach should be able to enhance the dynamic response of distributed energy resources under different operating conditions and maximize the usage of RES power generation while ensuring the stability when one or more sources are connected or disconnected into/from the system. In this way, different approaches from literature have been proposed for EM (Table 2). As shown in Table 2, the most suitable control strategies could be selected according to fixed constraints and objective functions. These control strategies can be classified into three main categories: Centralized, decentralized, and hierarchal control, as mentioned in Figure 1. These control strategies are presented in the rest of this section.


**Table 2.** Survey through collection of EM for the hybrid MG system.


**Table 2.** *Cont.*

**Figure 1.** Control structure for energy management in MG systems.
