*4.2. Comparison of CPM with PM*

The simulation results are shown in Figure 13. Compared with the real value *v*, the prediction error of the PM is larger than in the CPM. The prediction data are shown in Table 3. Comparing the real value *v* with the PM, the predicted absolute error is *e*2. Selecting three days (121, 125, and 130) for calculation gives the PM prediction with the MRE (Δ<sup>2</sup> = *<sup>e</sup>*<sup>2</sup> *<sup>v</sup>* × 100%) of 16.7%, 30.4%, and 20.6%, respectively, while the CPM prediction gives the MRE (Δ1) of 1%, 5%, and 2.3%, respectively. Therefore, the prediction result of the CPM when compared with the PM has the MRE reduced by 25.4%.

**Figure 13.** Comparison of cyber–physical model (CPM) with PM testing curves.
