**Notes**


in a significant decline in the number of detained noncitizens in mid-2020 (European Migration Network EMN). In fact, it is estimated that the US detained population dwindled by 42.5 per cent from late March to late July 2020 (Kerwin 2020; see also Erfani et al. 2021; Tosh et al. 2021).


 14 As far as the number of enforced deportations is concerned, the majority of the mentioned jurisdictions does not play a leading role in the European deportation apparatus; Germany, though, is a top deporting country. In terms of enforcement rates, the Czech Republic, Italy, and also Ireland have relatively low rates, whereas Estonia, Germany, Latvia, and Romania are particularly efficient in enforcing their deportation orders.
